Занимательные опыты по физике [Дженис Ванклив] (pdf) читать онлайн

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14

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na nonpoc,

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CTH.

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TSDKeCTH o6'beKTa Ii

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1. fIpHBHJKHTe 0AllH KOlIe~ BepeBKH K CTepJKHIO.
2. fIpHKAeiiTe ApyrOH KOHe~ BepeBKH K xparo CTOJl.a. CTepJKeHb
AOlUKeH BHceTh CBo6oAJ;Io.

3. fIepeABHrdH CTepJKeHb CKB03b aepeso-nryro neTJI.IO, A06eiiTecb
roro, tITo6bl OR BHceA ropH30HTaA1::lHO.
4. OTMeTbTe IIOAO)KeHHe sepesxa aa crepsore.
5. C IIOMO~bIO IiliHeRKH H3MepbTe paccrosnae OT 3TOH OTMeiKH
AD 060HX KOHI.J;OB CTepJKHH.

17

l.\eHTp T~lKeCTl1: TOYKa paBHOBeCj,1~

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Puc. 1.1

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TOqKM. IToBTopMTe rrpOI1eAYPY, MCrrOAL3Y" APyrMe oraepcraa B
KapTOH, Ii oTrrycTI1Te HHTKy C

xaproirxe.

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nepecexyrca B uerrrpe TH>KeCTH.

20

PUC. 1.3

2a.

CnoC06HOCTb TeAa conpOTHBl\5ITbC5.I orrpOKJ1AbIBaInnO Ha3bIBaeTCH MeXaHHlIeCKOH yCTOH'IHBOCTblO.
Tpa nVKeCTH

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>KeeTH. OAHHM 113 cnocoooa SIBJUleTCH H3MepeHHe

nearpa T5I-

yrAa,

np» KO-

'rexo, aenpaxep, nycroa 60lJOHOK 113nOA cporonxemct, y KOTOPOro ~eHTP TSIJKeCTH paCnOAOJKeH y
uerrrpa xpsrurexxa (CM. pac. 1.4). OOMecTHTe 60'lOHOK na lIAOCKYKJ rroaepxnocrt., nenpaxep, na AllHeHKy, OAHOH PYKOH 1I0TOpOM OnpOKHAblBaeTcH

CTeneHHO IIOAHHMdHTe ee, H C IlOM0IIJ;hlO

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MepbTe YTOA, rrpn KOTOPOM OlipOKHAb/BaeTCSI 60'lOHOK. l{To6bI
60QOHOK He CKOhh3HA, nOAQJKHTe TIOA Hero HaJl{Ad'lHyro 6yMary.

21

PHc.1.4
As>yrOH KOHeu; J\.HHeHKH npRJKMHTe K TOACTOH KHHre. tIT06bI AH-

HeHKd He CKOAh3HAa rrpa rrOA'heMe
6.

APyroro KOHl\d.

nOAOJKeHHe Q8HTpa nDK8CTH 60lJOHKa MOJKHO nOHH3H:Th, aanOAHHB era na

0AHY xeraepre llAdCTlIJ\.HHOM. OOBTopHTe OUbIT,

npaxenaa llAaCTlL'\HH K AOHbIlliKY 60QOHKa, 'tJ:To6hl OH He asmaAM.

Terreps

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era AHd, sa-

IIOJ\.HeHHorO IIAdCTHAHHQM,
B.

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OnpOKHAbIBaeTC5I, ecaa era I..J;8HTP THJKeCTH He HaxOAHTCH

Ha Boo6pa)KaeMOH BepTHKaAH, npOXOMlrn;eH xepea era OCHoBaHMe. KaK IlIHpHHa OCHQBaHIHI BAH5IeT na M8XdHHlieCKYlO ycroa-

lIUDOCTb?

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22

RbIM:

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3dBHCdlOI.IJ;HMH HIDKe BepeBKH,

no xoropoti OH lfAeT (CM. pHC. 1.5 na c. 23). Bec wecra C rpyaaMH nOHH.>KaeT ~eHTP T.IDKeCTH KdHdTOXOMd, KOTOPhIH orrycxaercs HHJKe YPOBHllBepeBKH. npHAYMaiiTe cnoco6 npozeeroacrpHPOBdTb :lTO HBJ\.eHHe.

nenpaxep, astpexcsre

«KdHdTOXOMd»

H3 KBilAparnoro xyco-rxa rodipapoaauaoro xaproae paaecepox
10 x 10 CM. IIpUMe'lWlue: KaHaBKn AOA.JKHbI pacnoxararsca roPH30HTdAbHO. a He BepTIlKaAbHO. DpOAeHbTe KyCOK npOBOAOKH
AAHHOH 30 eM

ee

Hd

xepea

HIUI{HIOIO KdHdBKY KapTOHKH If

nosecsre

KOHIJ;bl MeTaAAMtIeCKHe mdH6nlJXH-rpY3HKH, dHaJ\.OfHt{-

Hble fPY3aM na urecre KaHaTOXOAI\a. YpaBHOBeCbTe q,Hrypy aa
HaTllHYTOH nepenxe. Iloaxcnepnsrenrnpyare C pa3ARQHblMn
KeUHe nerrrpa TH>KeCTH xauarouieroca

rexa.
MamepuClJlhl
KapaHAarn

AHHeHKa
KyCOK KapTOHa

pasnepora 15 x 25 CM

KyCOK xaprone paseseposr 5 x 20 CM
AhlpOKOA
KyCOK "HAMlMeTpOBKH pa3MepoM 5 x 20 CM
CKOTtl

'B Poccan -raxae nrpYUIKH npHWITO aaaereeri,

nBaHbKH·BCTaHbKH)), -

tlou». nep.

MeXaH~YeCKaR YCTO~YI-1BOCTb: 3q,q,eKT «BaHbK~-BcTaHbK~'

25

lIopJlgoK geiiCllUlUil
1. C nOMOll\bIO xapauaanre H /iliHeftKH npoxeprrrre /iliHHIO Ha
60llhIllOM xycxe xaproaa BAOIIh oro A/iliHHOro xpas na paccroaHHH 5 CM OT Hero. 3TO 6YAeT/iliHHR A.
2. Ilpo-reprtrre IiliHHIO Qepe3 neirrp MilAeHbKoft rrOAOCKH xaprona
OT OAHoroKOpOTKOro KPaRAO APyroro. Haxersre ro'lKy B cepcznHe 3TOft AliHHH. C noxoinuo AhIPOKOAa rrpo6eftre 3AeCb MIPKY.

3.

0603Ha"tfbTe OAHU KOpOTKHH: Kpali IIOAOCKH

xaproae

«HH3», 3a-

TeM CAeAaftTeBTOPYID AhIpKy B npasox HHJKHeM yrAY.
4. HilAoJKHTe MilAeHbKYID noaocxy xaproaa aa 60llhIllOft KyCOK
TaR, tITo5bI HX HI1JKHHe Kpa51 COBITaAH, a AeBdSl CTOpCiHd MaAeHh-

xoro
5.

KyCKd

AerAa 6hI aa AHHMtO A.

CKB03b HHJKHIOIO AbIpKy Hd MaAeHbKOH IIOADCKe

xaproua

060-

AJUI AhlPKH aa 60AbIIIOM xaprone.
flpHnoAHHMHTe MilAeHbKYIO KapToHHYID noxocxy H rrpo6eftre
na 3TOM MeCTe AhIPKY.
3HaqbTe KapaHAdIIlOM MeCTO

6.

BHOBb HaAO)f(lITe MdJ\.eHhKyro

xapron

KdK B

rryaxre 4.

noxocxy xaprona

Hd 60A.blIIOH

Cneu,HaAbHhIM fB03AHKOM COeAHHHTe

o6a xycxa xaprona xepes 3THMIpKH.

1. [loAOJKHTe KyCOK MHAIiliMeTpOBKH rroz, MilAellbKYID noxocxy
xaprona Ii aaxperrare ee CKONeM, 3dTeM rrprrxpernrre CKOTtfeM
60llhIllOft KyCOK xaproua K CTOAy (CM. pHC. 2.1).
8. BCTaBbTe KOH'lHK KapaHAaIlla B I1eHTpilAhHYID MIPKy MilAeHbxoro xaprona.
9. [lpHJKHMaR KapallAaIll K MHAIiliMeTpoBoft 6YMare, npautanre
MaAeHhKI1H KapTOH

aanpaso, TaR tITo6hl npoxeprrrn, AHHHIO AD

xpas MliI\J\.HMeTpoBKH.

10.

BhIHhTe

xapanaaur If nOBepHHTe BepXHHH: KapTOH HaAeBO

-

BbI

YBHAHTe cAeA OT KapaHAdIlla aa MHAIiliMeTpoBKe.

Pe3YAbIIlamH
CAeA na MHA..lU1MeTpOBKc, OITHCdHHbIH u;eHTpaAbHOH AbIpKOH sraAeHbKoro xaproaa, noxaasmaer, l.JTO BHaqaAe npn ero npamenaa
AbIPKa cxerxa rrOAHHAaCb.

lIoqeMy?
fTOCKOAbKy KapToHHaH rrOAOCKd cHMMeTpWlHd Ii J.lMeeT 0AlIOPOA-

HYJO IIAOTHOCTb, ee 4eHTp T,5DKeCTH HaXOAHTC5I B I.J;eHTpe - TaM, rAe
BbI cAeAaIili MIpKy. Flepez, Ha'lilAOM npameaas nOAOCKa npeacraaASlAa C060R TeAO B CTaTUlIeCKOM

paanoaecaa (r.e,

B COCTO.5IHI1H no-

26

PHe.2.1

KOSI, 683 ABllJK€HIUl). KaK noxaasrseer CheA QT xepanaaura Ed Mil1\.illiMeTpOBKe, TIp" TIOBOpOTe na Hc60Aj>lIIOR yrOA nearp TlDKeCTH

uearp TSIJK€CTH TeAa
COBITaAaeT cera reOMeTp1P-IeCKHM nerrrpon, npa IIOBopOTe HAM He60AbllIOM OTKAOH€HHI1 T€Aa era IJ;€HTP THJKeCTH BHaqaAe cxerxa

KapTOHKH BHa't:JaAe IIOAHMMaeTCH, T.o., eCN!

rrOAHH:MaeTC5I.

HOBbie nOAXOAbl

Kaxoe B/illHHHe OKa3hIBaeT rrOAOJoK€HI1e uerrrpa T5DKCCTH na

ABI1:)iKeHI-lIO

Tpenne -

JU06oro rexa,
rraxoasuierocs B KOHTalKeHHlI (OTHOmeHHe
CHAbI TpeHHH CKQAbJKer-urn MeJKAY conpHKdCalOII.J;HMHCH nosepx-

YAepJKl1BdIOmeH

HOCTHMH K CHAe,

3TH IIOBepXHOCTH BMeCTe)

AJI5I. nOBepXHOCTeM Kopo6KH H CTOAa no ¢OPMYAe I' = Fc / F N,
rAe I' (MIO) B AaHHoM cxysae 0603HaQaeT K03¢¢HI1HeHT rpeaas
CKO.AhJKeHHH. a

Ff

-

CHAy -rpeHIDI CKOAb)KeHH.H.

C60p cl>aKToB
1.

BhI MO>KeTC ABHrdTh 0AHO TeAO no nOBepXHOCTHAPyroro na KO-

xecaxax. Flpa 3TOM TpeHHH CKOAhJKeHH5I B03HHK8Tb He 6YAeT.
lITO raxoe nrapaxoasre nOAlliHllHHKH? Kax OHM CBDMIT K MHHHMYMY TpeHHe CKOAbJKeHI1JI, eCAH MX nOMeCTIITb Me*AY AB}'M5I
TPYll\HMHC5I rrOBepXHOCT51MH? HaHAHTe OTBeT.bI B yqC6HHKax

no

¢H3RKe.

2. Topaosa B aBTOM06HAe pa6oTdIOT 6AaroAap" 'rpennro. Ilorrpo6yiITe OmeTHTb na sonpoc. IIOqeMY aBTOM06HALHbIe ropxose
rtpoexrapyrorcs TaKHM o6pa30M, lfT06bI BHatIaAe TOpMOJKeHHe
rrpoH3BOAIf.i\OCb nepeAJulMH KOAecaMU, a rrOTOM 3aAHHMU?

nOBepXHOCTHoe HaTSI>KeHHe:

[1]

-

__

nAeHKa Ha nOBepXHOCTH
>KHAKOCTH

KACBbIX KaneJlb II MblhbHbIX ny3blpeii Om.lICHlIeTClI CI1eIIAeHlleM MOAeKYA (cHAoii rrplITlI)I{eHllll Me>KAY rrOA06HbIMll MOAeKYAiL'Illi)
aa nosepxaocra )I{llAKOCTII. Bce MOAeKYAbl aa nosepxaocra AI060ii
)I{llAKOCffi rrplITlITIlBaKlTClI APyr K APYIY. B peayxsrare nosepxaocrHbIH CADIt HaxoAHTCSI a HaTIDKeHHH,

xoropoe

ua3bIBaeTCSI nOBepXHO-

CTHblM. DAarOAaPlI 3TOMY HaTlI)l{eHlllO nosepxaocn, >KllAKocrn BeACT
ce6H nOAo6Ho ynpyroa «KO)I{]{Qe», B KOTOPOH nOMew;aeTC5J JKHAKOCTh.

B 3TOM

nae na

OIIhITe BhI 113~HTe IIOBepXHOCTHoe HaTHJKeHHe If BAH»·

Hero IIOBepXHOCTHo-aKTHBHI::aIX Ao6aBOK

[aeutecra, xoropsre

YMeHbIIlaIOT nosepxaocraoe HaTlI>KeHlle). Bbl onpeaexrrre, KaK aaMeHeHHe nOBepXHOCTHoro HaTHJKeHIDi BllliHeT Hd ABHJKeHHe /KHA-

KoeTH. BbI TdlOKe HccAeAyeTe, KaK nOBepXHOCTHOe Hanl.>KeHHe BAH-

ser na epoPMY xanexr, BOAblll ApyrHX )I{HAKOCTeii. Bsr yaaaere, B xaROH npOIIopU;HH HYJKHO C0eAHHHTb MhI.1\.O C BOAOll, 'lIT06hI nOAytIHTb

HaH60JlblIIHe MblJIbHble rryasrpn.

C '1ero Ha'laTb

lle.JlJh H3ytIHTb nOBepXHOCTHoe HaTHJKeHHe.
MamepuCLW
MHCKa

BOAOrrpOBOAHall BOAa
HOJKHHIJ;bl

6YMa>KHOe rrOAOTeHI1e
MClheHbKdH

cxpenxa

3y60QllCTKa

110pJlgOK geilClIlBuil
1. HanoAHHTe MHCKy na rpa
2.

qeTBepTH BOAOH.

Bblpe)l{bTe ll3 6YMa>KHoro rrOAOTeHJ1a KBaAPaTco CTOpOHiThm 5 eM.

37

nOBepXHOCTHoe HaTHlKeHHe

3. DOMeCTliTe cxperrxy B uearpe 6YMaJKHOrO KBilAjlaTHKa.
4. DOMepJKIIBalI 6YMaJKltblii KBilApaT aa KOHI1b1, nOMeCTHTe ero

na

nOBepXHoCTb BOAbI B MHCKe. DYMara co

ITAaBaTb

cxponxoa

AOAJKHa

na BOAe.

PHc.4.1

5. C nOMOIl1blO 3y60'I1ICTKH exxyparno YTOoHTe 6YMary TaK, "ro6bI cxpemca OCTaAaCb na rrosepxnocra nOAhl.
6. DOHa6AIOAaiiTe aa naasaromea cxpenxoa II onpeaexare, ItaCKOAhKO OHa rrorpyaaxacr, B BOAY.

Pe3YA.bllIallIbI
na IIOBepXHOCTH BOAbI,He norpyscasoxpyr cxpenxa HeMHoro IIQHH3HAC5i.

CKpeUKa nOJUlOCTblO OCTaeTCSI
RCb B

nee,

YpOBeHb BOAhI

I1o"eMY

'
nOoepxHoCTHoe
HdT>I>KeHHe - 3TO cuenxenae MOAeKyA (CHAd ITpHTSlJKeHHH MeJKAYITOAo6HblMH MOAeKyAaMH) B IlAOCKOCTH nOBepXHOCTIl JKIfAl{0CTH, vb-3d

sroro

HaTJVKeHHH IIOBepXHOCTb .>KHAKOCTH Be-

AeT O;611 KaK ynpyroe ITOKpbITHe. DOA oOBepXHOCTblO BOAbI KdJKAdli

scex CTOpOH CBOHMH COCeAK-aMM:. Moncex CTOpOH TaK MOTHO, l.J:TO recaee npaxcars-

MOAeKyAa rrpH'I1lrHBaeTCSI co
AeKyAhI CTHCJIYThI co

C>I APyr K spyry yJKe He MOryT. OAHaKO na ITOBepXHOCTH MOAeKyJ\bl
DOAhI npMT.S1THBaIOTC51 TOAbKO K 60KOBbIM H lllDKHHM MOAeKYhdM.

B

38

pe3YAhTare 3TorQ B03HHKaeT CYMMapHasI C:HAd, aenpaaaenaas BHM3,
lITO Bb13blBaeT xerxoe rrpOAdBNfBaHHe aepxnero CAOH BOAbl. 3ToT
CAOM BOAhI BeAeT cefix IIOA06HO nxortro HdTSIJIYfOH KOJKe ll.!ill ITAeHxe, -rro QKd3hIBaeTCH anoxne AOCTdTOtIHbIM /'.05l YAepiKMBaHHH AerKHX TeA, TdKHX KdK cxpertxa B AaHHOM OIThITe. rOBOpJIT, 'rJTO TeAO naaaaer (CAeI'Ka rrOIPjTJKeHO AH60 AeJKH1' na rrOBepXHOCTIf JK!fAKOCTH).
eCAlf era IIAOTHOCTh paaae HIll MeHbIlIe IIAOTHOCTH JKHAKOCTH. OAHaKG ITAOTHOCTb

cxperrxn asmre

ITAOTHOCTH BOAbl; CAeAoBaTeA1~HO, ona

IIAdBaeT TOhbKO 6AarOAapH lIAeHKe noaepxnocrnoro HdTHJKeHIDI. Ha
no YKd3bIBaeT TOT KAOH

~~

PRe. 4.2

41

nOBepXHOCTHoe HaTl'llKeHlKeHHOH K

H OT paCCTOHHHH, lid KOTOpOe OHd rrepeABHHyAaCb.

srepe panora paaaa 4,45 /VK.
no'{eMy?

ecrs pe3YJ\.hTdT npH.J\.OJKeHHH CMhhI K TeAy. BbI3BaBmeH era
ABHJKeHHe. KOAHQeCTBO pa60TbI pasao npoH3BeAeHHIO CHAbl, npnAO}KeHHOH K rexy, Hd paCCT05JHlIe, rrpoIiAeHHoe TeAOM B aanpasxePa60Td

HHH AeHCTBIUI CHhhl.

Ern;e 0ARO YCAoBHe AM'- BhIIIOAHeHH5I pa60TbI

-

xoropoe nepeanarryxocs TeAO, AOJUKHO 6bITh npoaAeHO B TOM JKe HanpaBAeHHH, '-ITO H npHAOJlteHHaH CHJ\d. B AaHHOM
OITbITe rOpH30HTaJ\.hHaH CMAd rtepennaraer KOpOOKy B ropH30HTaAbHOM)lCe nanpaaxenaa, II03TOMY cosepuraerca paoora.
paCCT05lHHe, Hd

HOBbie nOAXOAbl

1. BAllJIeT AH CKOpOCTb AllJfJKeHIDl TeAS na cosepnreesryto npa
3TOM pa60ry? nOBTOpJfTe ornar AllilJKAbI, rrepBbIl1: pas COKOM, HO rrOCTOSlHHOH CKOpOCTblO, a

nropoa paa -

C BbI-

C HM:3KOH,

HO TO)Ke nOCTOHHHOH CKOpOCTbEO.

2. KaK nee AllJfJKYII\eroclI TeAa BAHlIeT na conepnraevyto IIPJf 3TOM
pa60ry? nOBTOpJfTe rrepBOHa'liL\bHblH onsrr AllilJKAbl, B nepssra
paa - C MeHbWJfM Beco" B Kop06Ke, a BTOPOH pa3 - C 60""WJfM. npUMe'{tlHUe: cTapaHTecb TlIH}'Tb Kop06Ky C OABOH Jf TOH
JKe CKOpOCTblO B otioax cxyvasx.

npl1AYMaHTe aaur C06CTBeHHblH on biT
I. MeXaHJf3M - 3TO ycrponcrao, 06Mr'lalOII1ee paoory. OH 06-

xer-iaer patiory nYTeM H3MeHeHHH Behl'[I!HHhI rrplfAOJKeHHOM
ee rrarrpaaxenna. HdH60AblIIee pecnpocrpaneane
rroAytl:HAH npocrsre MexaHH3MbI, TdKHe KdK HaKAOHHbIe I1AOCCIlAbI AH60

Pa60Ta: cana 11 paCCTO~Hl1e

45

KOCTH (ITAOCKHe HdKADHHbIe nOBepXHOCTH), HaK.hOHHhIe IlAOCKOCTH HCllOAh3YlOTCH AMI TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH

rcxa ae

3ilAaH-

nyro BblCOTy. ITpHAyMaiiTe OIlblT AfI5I BblllCHeHHlI: BAHlIeT Alf

aa ofiuiee KOARQeCTBO paoorsr, BhIIlOJ\HeHHon ABHJKyrn.H:>.t:CSl TeAOM. Hanprrsrep, MOJKHO B3H1'1. MaAeHhKyro xopooxy C xpuurxoa H Hano.hHHTb ee urapaxaera,
IIAdCTH..hHHOM HAM MOHeTaMH. 3aKpofiTe xopooxy Ii 3dKperUITC
HdKAOHHaSl IIAOCKOCTb

KpbllllKy CKOT"leM. 06BlVKHTe BepeBKy noxpyr Kopo6KH H 3aI1eIlHTe ee KPlOqKOM 6e3MeHa. C rroxoursro 6e3MeHa MeAAeHHO rrOAHHMHTe xopooxy BepTHKaAbHO naepx aa BbIC0Ty 1 M,

norrpocare Koro·HH6YAh rrOMDtIb BaM Cl.IHTblBdTh nocrpezxa BeeOB cxerxa KOAe5AeTCH, ycpeAHHTe pe3YAbTaT H 3arrHIIIHTe ero. Hcnoxssyirre ysce 3HaKOMhIH BaM cnocoo nepecsera rpasosos B HhIOTOHbl. OnpeaeDPH 3'rOM

Kd3dHI1Jl BeCOB. ECAH

AHTe asmoxaeaayto rrpa rrOA'beMe Kop06KH paoory no qiopsry-

xe: w = f x d.

3aTeM IIPHfoToBbTe HdK.J\.OIUIYIO MOCKOCTb.

B03hMHTe AOCRY, XOTH 6bl

na

1 M

MHHHee

Kopo6KH, it 1101\0-

JKHTe ee 0AHlIM KOHIJ,OM Hd CTOITKy 11:3 HeCKOAbKHX KIUfT.

xomsro

BeCOB

ITAQCKOCTH

nepensam-re xopooxy anepx

C

ITO~

no HaKAOHHOH

aa paCCTO.H.HHe B 1 M. nOBTopHTe OIlhIT AMI orrpeseA/UI rrepexcmenas rexa, H: BbIlIOA~

heHIHI CIlhbI, Heo6xoAHMoi{
HeRRoR pa60TbI.

2a.

AM!- ITQKa3a pe3YhbTdTOB OIThlTa nparoroasre

AHarpaMMbl.
HHorAa CRAa rrpHKAaAbIBaeTCli K TeAy IlOA yrAOM K nanpaaxeHHIO ABHJKeHMH. 3TO npoHcxOAIIT,

nenpasrep,

B TOM

cxysee.

eCAH TlIHYTb aa PYKOllTKY ABHJK)'ll1eiicli ropH30HTaAbHO TeAeJKKH noz, yrAOM (CM. PHC, 5.2). B 3TOM cxysae BeAll'lHHY CHAld,
AelicTsyrorn;eM

na

TeAeJoKKy, MOJKHO BbftIHCAHTh H3

ypanaenaa

dald h = fhlfO' rAe do - paccrosmae BAOAb CTOpOHbI. rrpaxerarorqeii K yrAy, rroA KOTOpblM IlpRAOJKeHa CRAa; d h - AAHHa rHIlOTeHY3bl (CTOpOHbl, AeJKarqeif HarrpOTHB npaxoro yrxa): f h - roPH30HTaAI:.HaH COCTaBMIlOllI,dH CHAbI B HarrpanAeHHH ABHJKeHIUI

TeM; fa - CHAa, npRAOJKeHHalI rroz, yrAOM A'. KOCIfHyC [cos] yrAd paneH OTHOIlleHHlO MHHbI

npaxeraromea

K HeMY CTOpOHbI

.(dal K AAHHe rarrorenyasr (d h). ITOCKOAbKY cos N = dol d h H
do/d. = fhlfa. TO COS A' = fhlfa. TaKHM 06pa30M. roPH30HTaAbayro cocraaxarouryio CHAbl (fh ) . astasraarouryro ABl1JKeHHe reAe)[{Kl{ n rOpH30HTa.J\.hHOM HanpaBAeHHH, MO/KHO BhP-IHC.i'UITh H3

ypaanenas: f h = fox cos N. (CM. npRAOJKeHHe 1, rAe AaHbl 3HaqeHHlI KOCHHYCOB AfI5I pa3AHQHbIX yrAOB.)

46

Hanpal'>miue
()l'>U>KeHU~

------~

PUC. 5.2

npHAYMdHTe OIIblT, KOTOpbIH AdCT B03MOJKHOCTb paCCtIH-

TaTb paoory, cOBepllIeHHYJO CHAOH, npHAO",eHHOH nOA yrAOM K
aenpasxeaaio ABHJKeHR5I Tehd. 3TO MOJKHO CAeAa.Th C nOMOIII,bIO npyJKHHHblX BeCOB. npaxpenxeansrx K Kop06Ke C rpyaosr.
TJlHHTe sa aecsr nOA yrAOM H rrepeaaarairre Kop06Ky no CTOAy,

pac, 5.3. 113MepbTe H aenaunrre paccroanae
(d), npoHAeHHoe Kop06KOii. Tpencnoprapon H3MephTe yrox
(A0) npHAO>KeHHOH CHAb!. Onpezexrrre paoory C nOMOll\blO
ypaBHeHHJI:
KdK IlOKd3aHO Hd

w = (fax cos A oJ

X

d

Hanpnxrep, eCAH xopooxa nepeABH»yAaCh na 0,6 M nOAAeHCTBHeM CHAbl 10 H, npHAo",eHHOH nOA yrAOM 30°. npOAeAaHH3JI
paoora 6YAeT paatra:
w = (10 H X cos 30°) X 0,6 M
= 10 H X 0,87 X 0,6 M
= 5,22 H'M, HAM 5,22 AJK

47

Pa60Ta: cuna " paCCTOHH"e

I
I
I

I

1
J
I
J
J

J
J
J

I

((((
PRc.5.3

6. KaK B IIp''AbIA)'meM OIILITe yrox IIpllAOlKeHHlI CHJIhI BAI'llIeT aa
KOAH'leCTBO BhIIIoAHeHHoM pa6oThI? nOBTOpHTe OIIhIT TpH paaa, B IIepBhIM paa npHKAilAblBali CllAY nOA MaJIhIM yrAOM, BOBTOPOM - IIoA 60JlhWHM yrAOM, HO He 60Aee 90', B TpeTHil pas
B03bMHTe yrox 90', cxerxa npHIIOAHliB Kop06KY HilA CTOAOM,
AOKaJKI'lTe MaTeMaT'H'leCKH, 'ITO ecAH xopooxa 6YAeT I\BHraTbCli
roPH30HTaAbHO B MOMeHT npHAOlKeHHlI K HeM CHiIhI rroA yrAOM
90', pa60Ta cosepurarsca He 6YAeT. nOKaJKHTe sesropasre AHarpaMMhI AAlI KaJKAoro yraa, Flpa nOADeMe rexa BaMH coaepuraeTCH

paoora,

HO KaK TOMKO TeA-O nOAHHTO, BhI He

conepnraere

patiory rro nepeaocy ero B KOMHaTe. norrp06yil'l'e 06'bllCHHTb
3TOT KaJK)'mHilcli rrapaaoxc.

C60p

cjlaKTOB

/V!ou;nocIl1h - 3TO CKOpOCTb, C KOTOpOM cosepuraercs paoore. noCKOJlhKY MOIl\HOCTb ecrs padore, AeAeHHali aa apexs, B CHCTeMe
CM' oaa BhIpalKaeTcli B AJKOYAlIX B ceKYHAY. EAHHHl1a MOIl\HOCTH,
BaTT, 6bWl Ha3BaHa B '1eCThAJKeMMca BaTTa (1736-1819), H306peTaTeM naposoa MaIllHHhI. KaK COOTHOCliTCli BaTTbl H AOIllaAHHhIe
CllAhI C eAHHHl1eil MOIl\HOCTH B CHCTeMe CM', AJKOyAeM B ceKYHAY?
O'l'BeT MOlKHO HaMTH B crrpaaouaaxax rro KHOM HanpaBAeHHH. KaK y6e-

,

.

AHTbCH, 'ITO B Ka>KAOM KOHKpeTHOM

cxysee

AeHCTBHeM

AM

eM?

A

MbI HMeeM AeAO C
If

npOTHBOAeHCTBH-

3TOro Hy>KHO

onpeae-

AHTb Ka>KAyro CHAy H y6eAHTbCH,
'ITO onHcaHHe OAHoii
nOAXOAHT H

3HaKOM ,

06paTHhiM

onsrre,
6.1,

H3

HHX

fV\lI APyroii, HO CO

'r.e.

.HBMleTCH

YTBepJKAeHHeM.

H306paJKeHHOM

ae

B

pHC.

, ..

AeiicTByroT cAeAYIOI11He CH-

xoropsre onpeaexarorca KdK
Ae iiCTBHe - upo raaoz,e iicTBHe:
AlA,; BIB,; C/C,. CHAy A MOJK-

AbI,

HO

orracerr, CAeAYIOI11HM o6pa-

30M:

«Pyxa

AeiicTByeT Ha BeChI»,

A, - «Becst AeiicTBylOT
aa pyxy». Bropoe YTBepJKAeHHe
a CHAy

lIBAJleTCH 06paTHhiM no OTHOllIeHHIO K

nepsoxy.

3TO

oaaaxaer.

tITO CHAbI paBHbI no BeAHqHHe H

AeiicTBylOT

B

npOTHBOnOAO>K-

HLIX HanpaBAeHHJlX. T.o .. CHALI
H

Al

A

npeACTaBAJiIOT c060ii Aeii-

CTBHe II npoTHBoAeHcTBHe.

PHc.6.2

B

Tpen.,ii1 3aKOH AB..,,,,eH"'~ HblQTOHa

51

HOBbie nOAXOAbl

Becht,

K KOTOpbIM

noxaeuren CTaKdH,

H3MepHIOT Bee

craxana -

CH-

AY, HanpiUlAeHHYIO BHH3 (AeikTBHe). KaK MOJKHO H3MepHTb aenpeaaeaayio asepx CHAY co CTOpOHM PYKH (npOTHBoAei'rCTBHe)?
DOBTOpHTe onsrr, HO aa 3TOT paa B03bMHTe ABa 6e3MeHa. Bnexaxo
npnxpenare 0AHII 6e3MeH K APYT0M)'. He nOABeIlIHBall K HHJKHHM
BecaM rpys H YAepJKHBall BepXHHe BeCM (A), orperyxapyare o6a
6e3MeHa TaK, T.ITo6bl OHM: rrOKd3bIBaAH uyAb. nOABeCbTe CTaKaH K

HHJKHHM BecaM (B), KaK B rrpeAblAYIl\eM onsrrc. BeCbI A 6YAYTH3Meparr, CHAY, aanpanxeaayro asepx (npoTHBoAei'rcTBHe), a secsr B CHAY, HanpaBAeHHyro ?JHH3 (Aei'rcTBHe).
K HaY"HoMY ceMHHapy: KOrAa BbI 6YAeTe AeAaTb AOKARA na ceMH-

aape,

Hd CTeHAe MOJRHO

noxeaars AHarpaMMy

eRA «AeftCTBHe-npO-

TI1BOAeHCTBHe)) .

nplIAYMaMTe

Ba~

co6cTBeHHblil onerr

I. KaJKAaR CHAd, AeMCTByro:w;aH

na TeJ\O, sacrenxser TeAD HeMHoro

C:>KHMaThCH. npHAyMdHTe OIlbIT, KOTOpbIH MOJKeT
AO C>KHMaeTCH AD rex
BRR He ypaBHHEOTCSL
eMOM

90 MA.

nop, noxa

Hanpaaep,

DOAOJKHTe Hd.CTOA

noxaaeri., "lTQ re-

CHAbI AeHCTBHH H npOTHBOAenCT-

HdrrOJUu['re MOHeTdMH CTaKdIf 06'h-

ABe

KHHm 0AHHdKOBoro pa3Mepa

aa paccrosuaa 25 CM APYTOTAPYTa, a aa HHX - TOHKyro, ynPYTYJO,

naacrsraccoayro

AHHeHKy.

B uerrrpe

AHHeHKH

nocreavre

CTaKaH C

MOHeTaMH.

K HaY"HoMy ceMHHapy: CAeAai'rTe AHarpaMMY, IIoKa3bIBalOII.\yro
C>KaTHe Al1HeH.KH H napy CMA AeHcTBHe-npoTHBoAeHcTBHe, KaK aa
pHC. 6.3. K pHCYHKy MOJKHO Ao6aBHTb orracaaae rex nap CHA, KOTOpsre Aei'rCTByroT na KHHrH H Ha crexan. Hanpaxep:
napa CHA, KHHra A
• AHHei'rKa AeRCTByeT aa KHHry A.
KHHra A Aei'rcTByeT Ha AHHeRKy.

• Kaara A Aei'rcTByeT aa CTOA.
CTOAAei'rcTByeT aa KIIHry A.
• CTOA Aei'rcTByeT aa 3eMAlO.
3eMAll AeRcTByeT aa CTOA.

2. AeitcTBHlI 6e3 nporasoaeacrsna lie cyutecrsyer. DOCKOAbKY
see CHJ\bI, AeHcTByrorn;He aa paansre TeAd, napmae. paaasr no

52

•

GtJAv',

.;t.

•

()e(ionllylKeT 6bITb

npHAyMai'iTe eaui co6CTBeHHblH onsrr

I. npHAyMdi\Te OITbIT AMI orrpenexenns cpeaaero spexeaa naaeHH5I 'rexa C pa3AI1l.JHbJX BbICOT. fj.;.sI onpeaexenas BpeMeHI1 na-

59

AeHIHI KOepeUHhIX epUAbTpOB C pa3HbIX BhlCOT MO/KHQ HCIIOJ\.b30-

aars cexynaoxrep. Ilpaxpenare CKOT'leM KyCOK 6YMafH K CTeHe
noxa, 0603HaQbTe Hd 6YMare CAeAyIDllJ;lIe BbICO~
TbI: 0,5 M, 1,0 M, 1,5 M H 2,0 M. YAepJKHBali Ko¢eftHblft ¢HAbTP
H, HaqHHd5I OT

lid BbICOTe 0,5 M, HO He xacascs CTeHbI, 6pOCbTe cPllAbTP H OAHOBpeMeHHO aanycrare ceKYHAOMep. OCTaHOBHTe ceKYHAoMep,

xoraa epHAhTP KQCHeTCH noaa.

3anUIUHTe BpeMH IIaAeHHH B Ta6-

AHIJ;y 1.1. nOBTopHTe OTIbIT MlI IIaAeHHlI ¢HAbTPa C BbICOTbl 0,5 M
He MeHee

rpex pas

H

ycpeamrre

IIoAyqeHHbIe 3HaqeHHH

AMI

BpeMCHH IIaAeHHlI. npOAeAaftm OIIblT, fipocax ¢HAbTP C ocTdl\bHbIX BbICOT.

TalinHqa 7.1 CpeAHee apeMH naAeHHH
BpeMA, C

CpeAHee BpeMA, C

PaccToAHHe, M

0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2a. Texo, CBo6oAHo IIaAaIOIllee na 3eMAIO, ABHraeTCli C ycxopenaesr
9,8 M/C 2 3TO oaaa-raer (rrpa yCAOBHH, qTO MbI npenefiperaev
TpeHHeM 0 B03AYX) r tiTO CKOpOCTb IIaAdfOIJJ;ero no

nanpaaxeaaro

K 3eMAe TeAa B03paCTaeT aa KaJKAyro ceKYHAY ero IIaAeHHlI na
9,8 M/C.

PMc.8.2

Ta6nM4a 8.1 PaccTDRHMe
Ha~anbHaR

BblCOTa
Ha CKaTe
KOHe~HaR BblCOTa Ha CUTe

A (60'), CM

OnblT 1

13

12

Onur 2 Onsrr 3
11
10

B (60'), CM
Onur 4 Onsrr 5
12
10

GpeAHee

11

Pe3YAb1IlClInbl

Paccroanac, Hd xoropoe rrOAHHMeTCSl urapax, 3dBHCHT OT paaxepe
nrepaxa H nOBepXHOCTH CKaTa. Illapax aaropa rrOAHHMaACH B cpezHeM Ha,l1 CM IIO cxary B.
ITOqeMy?

Crpyxrypa HaKJI.OHlWM

IIAOCKOCTH, KOTopylO BbI IIOCTpOWI.H, ana-

AOrnqHa TOM, xoropyro paaperiorax faAHAeM. OH OTKpblA, qTO ecAM nOBepXHOCTH cKaTOB (HaKAOHHbIX nAOCKOCTeH)

oxens

rAi!A-

66
KRe, rua?"K CKaTblBaeTCH ITO DAHOR ITAOCKOCTH: Ii nOAHHMaeTCH no

rrpon,m{TIOAOJKHOH nO'lJTH aa Ty JKe caMyro BhICOry. Tperrae na-

aaropa 6bIAO 60AhllIe, qeM y
cAeAyeT 113 roro, lITO nrapax aaropa

:K..AOHHO¥ llAOCKOCTH:

raAHAe51. 3TO

KOHCTPYKIJ;I1H

lliiAdA C BhICO-

13 crl a rrOAHHMdAC5I no rrpoTHBOrrOAO}KHoMy cxary Allilib na
11 eM. CrollAO TOJ\.hKO OTIIyCTHTh urapax, KdK rra Hero ryT JKe na-

ThI

l.lHHdAd AeHCTBOBaTb CHAd THJKeCTH. KOfAa urapax AOCTHfaA OCHOndHI-:ul KOHCTpyKU;WH, OH na6HpaA MdKCHMaAbHYlO CKOpOCTb,

vrnax , If rJPOAOJUKaA 6w ABHraTbCR c :noH CKOpOCTbIO, ecxa fib} na
Hero He ~eHCTBOBa.A.H HHKaKHe CHAbI. CBOHCTBO TeAd COXpdHSlTb
COCT05IH~e IIOK051 HAM paaaoxepnoro npHMOAHHeHHoro ABlfJKeHUH l IToI'd Hd Hero He AeucTBylOT BHeIlIHHe CHAbI, Hd3bIBaeTCSI

HHepl\Heii. B AaHHOM onsrre npHCYTCTBOBaAH CHAht, AeiicTBylOtuae aa jUapHK, BKAlOqall rpeaae Me>KAY HHM H KapTOHHOM aaKAOHHoi\nAOCKOCTblO. KorAa urapax nOAHHMaAcll nsepx ITO APYrOMy cKary, CHAa TSDKeCTH

Ta~HAa

ere BHH3, QTO BhI3bIBaAO sa-

MeAAeHHe ero ABHJKeHHll (YMeHbllleHHe CKOpOCTH B eAHHH~Y
BpeMeHH)' 3aMeMeHHe TaK>Ke Ha3htBaeTCll OTpHl\aTeAbHhtM YCKopeHHer!·

HOBbIe nOAXOAbl

Flpa Y"lellbllleHHH yrxa MeJKAY CKaTOM B H ropH30HTilAhHOM ITOBepxHocTPIO 3aMeAJ\llIOll.\1lll CHAd, AeMCTByroll.\all ita urapax, yxeasuraercs. ~aK yxensurerrae 3aMeAMIlOrn;eH CHAbI nonxaser aa pacCTOSlHHe, coropoo npoiiAeT nrapax. nOAHHMallCb no CKaTy B? OTaert.re

lIB 3TOT

sonpoc, norrropaa omrr TpM paae, YM€HbllIaH yrox

CKaTa B AO 40', 20' H 0'. ECAH norpeoyerca, cAeAaMTe cxar B 60Aee
AJillHHblM.

Ha

OCHonaHIUi seurax pejYAbTdTOB 05'bRCHHTe, qTO npa-

BeAD raAH,\-€5I, npozexanurero nOXOJKHH OIIbIT, K BhIBOAY, QTO B OT-

cyrcrane 1peHHH MJ\.H IIOA'beMa no HaKAOHHOH IIAOCKOCTH mapax
ABHrClAC5I ChI BeQHO.

npl1AYMaihe BaW C06CTBeHHbl1l onsrr
la. Maced - :lTD KOhlPleCTBO acmecrse. COAepJoKam;eroc51 B TeA€, 11
Mepa erG HHepIJ,I1H. LJeM 60AbllIe Macea rexa, TeM 60AbllI€ era
HHepuyl.5l.

(Bemecrao -

3TO cy6CTaH~IUI, H3 KOTOpOH COCTOHT

qnl3:WICCKoe rexo: nee, qTO 3dHHMaeT onpenexenaoe npOCTpaHCTB~ H o6AilAaeT MaccoM.) DpHAYMaMTe cnocoo onpeaexe-

67

HIUI MaCChI 'rexa nyrcM H3MepeHIUI era JH-ICPll,HIL MO>KHO, ua-

npaxep, CKOHCTpyHpoBaTh H OTKaAI16pOBaTb HHepU;UOHHbIU
MaSlTHHK, HHCTPYMCHT, KOTOphIl1 orrpexenaer Macey, ncnoxs3YR nepUOAHQeCKOe ABH.>KeHHe (ABH)KCHHe TeAd, rroAo6Hoe xa1.JdHIHO B3B.A-BIIcpeA. IIOBTopmOIll,CeC51 B AI060H paBHhU1: npoMe*yroK BpeMCHH). TaKOH HHCTpyMCI-IT MO)IUIQ nOCTpOHTb 1-13

TOHKoro HO)KOBOl.JHOrO nOAOTHd H xoner. YTo6bI He nopeaarsC5I, 3aMOTaihe 3y6MI nOAOTHa KyCOl.JKOM M30AeHTbI. 3aTCM npn-

KpelIIiTC rrOAoTHO CKo-rqeM K KpOMKC (TOAd. 3arrOAHI1TC nycroa

IIAaCTliKOBhIH 60l.JQHOK H3-nOA 35-MM cPoTOIIAeHKll IIAdCTI1I\.l1HOM npWMcpHO lid DAllY QCTBep1:b.

CAcAaHTe

TdK, 1.JTo6bI IIAdC-

THAI1H He BhlIlaA;aA 113 60l.JOHKd Ii era IIOBepxnOCTb 6bIAa 6bI OTHQCI1:TCAhHO fAaAKUM:. Flpaxpemrre 60l.l0HOK CK01'tfCM K CBO6oNIOMy KOHU;Y HO)KOBOQHorO nOAOTHa. BAO>KI1Te B 60l.J:OHOK
BaTHhIll TaMITOH. OTKaAH6pyH:Te )ld5lTHHK (HO>KOBOl.J:HOe
HO

+

noxor-

6o-YOHOK). HCnOAb3Y51 rrpeAl\Ie1', nee xoroporo H3BeCTeu,

aanpavep. srone'ry,
Bna-raxe onpenexnre apexs 25 KOAe6aHHH 6e3 rpY3a B 60qOHKe (6e3 MOHeT). 3aKpoiiTe 60qOlIOK Kpl.lllIeQKoH. 3aTeM aaCTaBbTe Ma5lTHlfK KOAe6aTbcSI (KaqaThOI TyAa-cloAa), OTT5IHyB
If oTnyCTI-IB ero.

/1.MI roro

poe Ma.HTHIfK cOBeplllJ:fT

tlT06hI orrpeAeAI1Th BpeM5I, 3d KOTO-

25 KOAe6aHlu1:,

HCIIOAh3YHT€ ceKYHAo-

Mep. Hal.J:HHTC OTcqeT BpeMcHH KOAe6aHI1H

cpaay )Ke

'roro, KdK ornycrtrre Ma5lTHHK. OAlIO KOAe6aHH:e MaAhHoe

nOCAe

31'0 MaKCH:-

OTK.l\.OHeHMe 60tlOIlKa Ii ero B03BpaJ.IJ;eHl1e B nepnona-

qaAhHOe IIOAOJKeHlie. BbPUiCAHTe rrepnos,

(T) -

BpCM5I, KOTO-

poe rpeoyercs KOAe6AIO!l1eMycll TeAy AA5I coaepureuua OAllOro KOAe6aHIISI (QTo6b1 KaQH)'Tbcll anepen II lIa3ilA) - no epopMyAe:

T = nepnon (Bpe"'"/QHCAO KOAe6aHHH)
Hanpasrep. eCAH 25 KOAe6aHHH coaeprnaerca aa 10 c, TO rrepaoz, COCTaBA5IeT:

T = 10 c/25 KOAe6aHHH = 0,4 c/xoxeoanae
3alIHlIlHTe nepaon B Ta6AHlje 8.2. DOBTopHTe orn,n QeTblpe paaa
11 ycpeAHHTe pe3YAbTaT. 3aTeM nOAO)KHTeB 60QOHOK OAHy MOHeTKy
H 8HOBb nOBTopHTe OTIbIT. Ilonropsirre ero, Ao6aBA5I5I no OAROM MOHeTC H KaJKAblH pas OrrpeAeA5151 nepaoz, Bcero I1CrrOAh3yRTe AeOITh
0AI1HaKOBhIX MOHeT.

68

~YOb~ ~O>KO&KU

nOKpblmbl U~Ael1mo(i

)

)

PUC. 8.3

Ta6nM~a

'lMcno MOHer

8.2 OnpeAeneHMe MHep~MM

nepMoA (D, c
Onsrr 1 Onur 2 Onsrr 3 Onsrr 4

On biT 5

CpeAHee

0
1
10
6_ C nOMOIIJ;blO

5blTOBbIX

BeCOB onpezexare sec B rpaxxax DAHOR

MOHeTbI, HCll0Ah3ycMoH Ba.:.'1H. Aur sroro B3BeCbTe sraccy lOOoAH·

HaKOBhIX MOHeT Ii pa3AehlfTe ee aa eTG. Hcnoxsayare noxyxeaHoe 3HaQeHl.re MaCChI 0AHOH MOHeTbI, tIT06bI paCC'YHTdTb xaccy
AllYX, rpex H T.A. MOHeT (AOAeCllTH). ANI KaJKAOfr MaCChI nocrpoji-

B.

Te rparpax 3aBHCI1MOCrn «sracca - rrepaoe,». Or'i\OJKHTe Mdccyrro
rOpH30HTilAhlIofr OCH x, a nepaoz, (1] - no BepTHKilAhHofr OCH y.
Maccy APymx TeA, aanpavep. MOHeT HHOro AOCTOHHCTBa HAlf
MeTaAMPleCKMX

UldMB,

KOTOpbIMH BbI

6YAeTe

3anoAHSITb Balli

onpeaexars. H3MepHB BpeMH 25 KOAe5aHHH H
BhIQHCAHB nepaon (1]. no HafrAelIHoMy rrepaozy aa rpadiaxe
60'l{OHOK, MOJKHO

«xacca - nepaoa», nocrpoennoss
nosoro COAepJKHMOrO 601IOHKd.

B

IJyHKTe 6, HaflA,HTe Maccy

69
r,

MO>KHO OnpeAeAllTh xaccy rexa ApyrHM crrOC060M 30BdTb 3aBHCHMOCTb MeJKAY MdCCOH

a

HCrrOAb-

nepHOAOM, KOTOpaH Bhl-

pa>KaeTCJI ¢OPMYAoii:

m 1lm2= T/IT/
B:ITOii !). T1 H T2 - nepaoasr, COOTBeTCTBylOUJ;He 3THM MaCCdM.

AMI

onpeaexeuaa

HeH3BeCTHmi MaCChI

3TY KHO Bblpa3HTh CAeAytOIl\HM 06pa30M:
mt = mz x

T/ + Tl

C60p c!laIKeHHH.

no ChOBaM

HhlOTOH OTKpbIA TPH 3aKOHa ABH>KeHHJI. OepBblH H3 HHX - 3aKOH
06 anepuan. KaK rrposnxser ce6J1 HHepI1IiJ1, eCAl\ TeAO HaxOAHTCJI B
COCTOSlHHH IIOKOH?

KaK anepnaa Bl\l'UIeT Hd aanpaaxeaae

Ii CKO-

POCThABH>KYIl\erocJI TeAa? Ilonporiyare HaRTH 3TH OTBeTI>! CaMH B
yqe6HHKax no KeHHe:
Bpa~alO~HeCSI

rexa

Ilpa Bpalli:eHIiIi TeAO apanteercs soxpyr HeKOTOpOH OCIi, xoropas
rrpencrasxaer C060H noofipaxcaeeryro AIiHIiIO, npoxonmuyro '1epe3

oci, MO.>KeT 6hITb pcaxsnoa, nenpar-rep. BaA xoxeca
aarrpaxep. oci, y spamaromerocs
MHqa HAlf o6pyqa. ECAH TeAD KdnlTCH no HdKAOHHOH llAOCKOCTH
HAl1 lID rOpH30HTaAhHOH: IIOBepXHOCTH QHQ npameerca BO~~yrPCH,
a CdMd OCb nOCTyIIdTeAhHO neperaernaerca H3 0AHoro MeCTa B APYroe. MeXdHWIeCKdH 3HepnUI - 3TD AH60 3HeprW5I ABHJKeHH5I rexa,
AR60 snepraa era COCT05IHIHI, 113 xoroporo TeAO MQJKeT HdlldTh ABH)IWHile. Y Bpa~alOm;I1XC5I TeA qaCTE. HX MeXdHI1"\.{eCKoH aaeprmr
QeHTp

rexa.

3Td

dBTOMo61I.lUI, MAli MHH-""lO:Hr KdK.

1

ofiycxonxena nparueaacx.
B 3TOM OIIbITe BbI cpaamrre xexaaasecicyro sneprmo apamaIOlll,HXCH TeA, HMelOlll,I1X pa3AHQHbie 4JOPl\ihI -

peaxepa,
qeH -

B TOM lineAe nOAbIX Ii

cnxotuasrx:

uiepon peancro
o6py-

~MAHHAPOB If

IIpH ABIDKeHHH I1X TID I1aKAOHHbIM H I'0pH30HTaAbIlbIM IIAO-

CKOCTHM.

C 'lerO

H3'l3Tb

LJeIlh: orrpenezorrs, KaK BAlillIOT paaerepsr ASYX npamarounrxca no
urapos Ha HX ~exaH1P·.J:eCKYIOsneprmo.

HaKAOHHOH IIAOCKOCTH

MamepuC1J>1,l
2 MJill 3 KIIHI'H
KYCOK TDCPAOrO xaprone 30 x 90 CM
(Pa3MepT.I He HMelOT

cymecrnermoro 3Hal.J:eHHH;

BaTh AOCKY IIOAXOAllIl\erO pasxepa.)
6aHHoe IIOAOTeHu;e
MapKep
AHHeHKa

2 CTeKAllHHhIX mapaxa pa3A1i'lHhIX PaAHYCOB

MO>KIIO HCIIOAb30-

TIOpRgOK geacnlBua
1. nOAOJIUITe KHHrH rPYAOH na nOAY H coopYAHTe HaKAOHHytD
llAOCKOCTb, paCnOAOJKHB KyCOK KapTOHd KOpOTKHM KOHI.J;OM na
KHllrax.

2.

PaCT51HHTe

noxorenue aa noxy y
3To
na noxy,

KAOHHOH llAOCKOCTH,

OHM OKaJKyrc.H

OCHOBdHHSI KapTOHHOH

nOMOJKeT 3dTOPM03MTb

utapsr,

aa-

KorAd

3. C nOMOII1hlO MapKepa nexeprare AHHHIO rronepex xycxa xaprona na peccroxnaa 10 CM OT ero sepxaero KOHI1a. npHAO>KHTe
Y3KHH Kpait hHHeHKH K 3TOH sepre H paaxecrnre urapaxa BbIme .MIHeHKH.

4. nOAHHMHTe AHHeHKY. nycrs IIIapHKH CKanITClI BHH3. FlponefiAJOAaliTe, KaKoH H3 IIIapuKoB nepBhlM AOCTHrneT noxa.

'UHU~

H3 raccm~Huu
10 CM Om Kra~

: ..

,',

.

....

PHc.9.1

Pe3Y/llJIlQI1/hl
WapHKH AOCTHralOT

noxa

OAHOBpeMeHHO.

TIOqeMY?
3Heprnll - 3TO cnocoriaocrt, K COBeprneHHIO pa50Thl. TIoTeHllHdAbHall aaeprna (TI3) - saeprna, aanacennaa TeAOM 6AarOAapll

72

Cana 11 ABI1)l(eHl1e

rroxoxcemno B rrpOCTpaHCTBe l1AH YCAOBHSIM, B KOTOpbIX OHO HaXOARTCH, Texa npaoriperaror rrOTeHL\HaAbH)'lO aaeprmo nocxe TOro, KaK C HHMH 6blJ\a coacpureaa peoore: rranpawcp, rrOAHlIJ\ll MaJKeHlul. A,Mr 'roro tIT06bI OIIHCaTh KHHeTH"tfecxyro aaepnno TeAd, HMo paCCMOTPeTb CIIoco6 era ABH)KCHIHI. KHHenflleCKaH snepraa TeAd, xoropoe y-racrnycr B nocryrrareasnosi
ABluKeHKH (ABHJKeliHM, npn KOTOpOM nerrrp Mace TeAd nepesreuiaeTClI rrpllMOAlfHeiiHO H3 OAHoii TO'lKH rrpOCTpaHCTBa B APyryro) , lIBsneprnea rroc'ryrta'rexerroro ABHJKeHHSI. Bpa~eHHe - 3TO

MeTe»

rexa noxpyr csoea oca, a coOTBeTCTByroIJJ;all
aueprna na3blsacTcH 3HeprHeH epamarexsaoro

KpyroBoe ABIDKCHHe
KHHeTHQeCKaSi

ABHJKeHHSI.

MeXaHH'IecKaSl aneprna (EM) - 3Hcpmll ABMJKeHMlI. 3TO aneprHJI

rene, xoropoe AM60 AIH1TaeTCSI,

JUf60 HMeeT IIOTeHLJ;HaA ABHJKe~

aaepraa eCTb CYMMa noTeHlJ,llaAhHOH Ii
KMHeTM'IeCKOii aaeprna TeM, 'r.e. EM = K3 + IT3. Hanepxy HdKAOHHOH IIAOCKOCTH o6a nrapaxa HMCIOT 0AHHdKOBYJO o6~YIO MCXaHHQeCK)'lO 3HepmIO. B HAeaAbHblX yCAOBMlIX, eCAif 6bl He cynicHHSI. ITOAHaJI MeXdHIP-leCKilll

CTBOBaAO nOTepJ1 3nepI'HH BCAeAcTBHe conpoTHBAeHlI51 B03Ayxa
HA.H

KaKoii-HH6YAb APyroii Cl{Ab1 TpeHHlI, MeXaHH'IeCKaJ< srrepras

urapaxos CoxpdHHeTC5I. 3TO 03Udl..J:aeT, \.fTO MaKCHMaAbHa5I MexaHHQeCKd5I oaepras KaJKAOro nrapaxa nasepxy HaK.J\OHHOH: IIAOCKOCTII
paaua era MaKCMMaAhHOH MeXaHHT-leCKOH snepran y OCHosaHlHI naMORHOH IIAOCKOCTH. Haaepxy HdKAOHHOH IIAOCKOCTI1 K3 mapHKOB
paaaa ayxro, T.e. OHli 06AdAdIOT TOAbKO rpaaarauaonrron IIOTeHIJ;HaAhHOH snepraea, rn3. no xepe ndAeHH5I C HdKJ\.OHHOH IIAOCKOCTH
BbICOTd llIapHKOB YMeHblllaeTcSI, a HX Bpall.\aTeAbHaSI

lyrxoaaa!

CKOpOCTb (CKOpOCTb nOBOpOTa rexa BOKpyr OCM) H CKOpOCTb npaMOAHHeHHoro ABH:>KeHHH (CKOpOCTb TeAd,

yuacrsyromero

ndTeAhHOM ABH>KeHHI1) B03paCTaIOT; TdKHM o6pa30M,
B03paCTaeT,

a I1X [13 yMeHbllIaeTcSI

AO

rex IIOp,

B 1I0CTy~

K3 mdpHKOB

IIOKa BHH3Y,

na

Hy-

AeBOM ypoBHe, IT3 He 6YAeT paana HyAlO. 3Ta 3aBHCHMQCTb Me>KAY

K3

H

D3

Hd3bIBaeTCSI 3aKOHOM

coxpaaenaa MeXaHHtfeCKOH srrep-

Bpauiarensaoe ABH)I(eHHe: epauiaoumecs rena

rHH. ECAH AdJKe CTeKAHHHbIe

nrapaxa

RMelOT

pasasre

73

pa3MepbJ,

OlIH AOCTHralOT OCHOBdHM.sI HdK.l\.OHHOH llAOCKOCTH 0AJIOBpeMeHHO.

3TO 03HaQaeT, tITO

pesxepsr

He BJUunOT Hd BeAlItIHHy- MeXdHlfl-Iec- '

Koil aneprau.

HOBbie nOAXOAbl
KaK COOTHOC5lTC5l APyr C ApyrOM CKOPOCTH

rrocryrrarexr.aoro

ABH-

JKeHH5l TeA, HMelOI!1HX pa3AIf'lHWe 0PMW? OOBTopHTe HCChBAOBaHHe, HCIIOAb3Y" TBAa pa3110H OpMhI: .
• AHCK (CITAOillHOH llIfAHHAP); 3TO MOJKeT 6brrb, HaIIpHMep, sa-

xpsrraa

KOHCepBHali 6aHKa HhIf ApyrOH IIpeAMeT, HMelOUlHH

OpMy cTep.JKH5l;
• o6py'l (IIOALIH I~HAHHAP); B Ka'leCTBC Hero BhI MOJKeTe B35lTb
OTKpbITYIO KOHcepB"Y!O 6alIKy, YAaAHB y

nee

o6a AHHI!1a,

IfAH KapToHHyIO Tpy6y.

/'0JI KaJKAOrO OIIbITa HCIIOAb3yHTe ABa TeM pa3AHQlIOH OPMbI,
IIarrpHMep, CIIAOIIIHOH H IIOAbIH QHhlfHAPbI, IIO pa3HhIX

pessrepon.

npllAYMaiiTe aaur C06CTBeHHblii onsrr

la. B nepBOHa1.J:aAbHOM

?ITbITe

nrapsr

MaceOH H paarrocryna'rexsaoro

OTAHQaAHCb

MepOM, HO HMeAH 0AHHdKOByro CKOpOCTb

ABHJKeHHlI. OpHAyMaHTe CIIoco6 IIpOBepHTb BAlfllHHe TOAbKO
GAROrO H3 3THX epaKTopOB.

nocrynarexsaoro
pa3JHIQ»eM

Ae

narrpanep,

MaCChI,

na

CKOpOCTb

ABHJKeHHJl. Y6eAHTeCb, qTO eAIIHCTBeHHbIM

AByx TeA .sIBJUIeTC.R HX Bee. (3aMeTbTe, lITO Hd 3eMera Mdcce.) Hanpaxep. MQ>KHO

sec rexe nponopuaonaxcn

oxnoro paanepa, HO paaaoro
acnoxr.aonari, MaAeHbKHe nycrue nAaCTHKOBbIe 6aHOlfKH co CbeMHbIMH KpbIIIlKdMH, xoropiae MO}KHO
HanoAHSITb pa3AUQHbIMI1 TBepALIMH neIlJ,eCTBaMIi B xaxecrae
rpy3a, uarrpaxep, caxapcx lIAIl IIAaCTHAHHOM.) I1CnOAb3yll
B3HTb ABe KOHcepBHbIe 6aHKH

seca.

(BM MOJKeTe

HaKAOHHylO IlAOCKOCTb H rrOBTopHB AeHCTBHH

ncpaonasexs-

aoro OUbITa, cpemnrre CKOpOCTIf nocryrrarexsuoro ABHJKeHlfH
ABYX TeA.
6.

nOBTopHTe onsrr, HCIIOAb3Y5I
DAHan H TOR >Ke MaceoR,

urapsr pa3AHQHOrO paaayca, lIO C

nanpauep,

60AhIllHe CTeKASlHlIbie H

MdheHbKIle MeTaAhHQeCKIle cepLI OAlfHaKOBOH MaCChI.

74

2.

Cana

KaK CKOpOCTH

~ AB~lIKll"l'e APYT na APYTa nsrrs waft60'IeK H npHK.I\.eftTe ax KJl.eftKOft AeHToft K u;eHTPY AOHblWKa APYTOft 6aHKH. TdKHM JKeoopa30M CAOJKHTe eme nllTh waft60'IeK H npHKJl.eftTe ax Ku;eHTpy
sayrpeaaea 'IaCTH KpbIWKH :>Toft 6aHKH. 3aKpoftTe 06e 6aHKH
CBOHMH KpblWKaMH. HcnoAb3Yll MeTOAHKY npeAbJAYll\ero onsrra,
cpanaare CKOPOCTH nocrynarexsaoro ABHJKeHIDI ooeHX OaHOK.

C60p KeHHH

J1Hepn;H.H -

3TQ CnOHCTBO

rexa

COXpaHHTh COCTOHHHe

noxoa

HAH

conpOTHBMITbCH AI06hIM H3MeHeHIHIM B COCTOHHHH ABHJKeHIUl, no-

xa ne TeAO He 1I0AeHcTByeT BHemHSUl CHI\d. Bee rexa, HaxOMITCH AH
OHH B rroxoe HAll B AalUKeHHH, 06AilAaIOT HHepI1HeIT. HHepl1ID1 apam;eHHJI - CBOHCTBO TeAd COrrpOTIiBMITbC5I M06h1M H3MeHeHHSl~1 BO
upamerexsnoss ABHJKeHHH. HarrOMHHM. xro spemereasnoe ABIUKenpescraaxaer C060H ABH:>KeHHe TeAd aoxpyr HeKOTopOH OCM.

HHe

B 3TOM onsrre BbI H3MepHTe aperuaronraa MOMeHT, Tpe6yeMblIT
AiUI rrpeoaoxeuns HHepl1HH Bpall\eHml TeAa. H3yqHTe, KaK naep- .
I1HlI spauteaaa 3aBHCHT OTPaAHyca TeAa. A raxzce HccAeAyeTe BAHHHHe paCnOAO)f(eHIDI

neirrpa Mace lid HHepIJ,HIO BpaI.IJ;eHHR.

C 'lero Ha'laTb
LIeu.: 1f3MepHTb spemerouma MOMeHT, KOTOpblIT rpeoyerca AiUI
npeOAOAeHHlI HHepl1HH Bpall\eHHlI TeAd.

MamepuQAhl
1 pyAOH HOBOH xaccosoa AeHTbl
crepxcem, C pesxepaxa 0,94 x 90 CM
KyCOK flAilCTHAllHa paasteposr C MlI'l AiUI rOAb¢a
20 - 25 He60AblllHX cxpenox

flOPJlgOK geilCDIBuu
L HaAeHbTe pyAOH KaCCOBOIT AeHTbI Hd crepxcens. Flyers 3TO 6yAeT pyAOH A.
2.

Pa3AeMITe IIAdCTllJU:IH Hd ABe qaCTH H C HX IIOMOIIJ;hlO 3dKpeIIH-

CTepJKeHb na CIIHHKax ABYX cryxses.
3. DplIKpeIIIITe cKpenKy K KOHl.\Y 6YMd)I{HOIT AeHTbl. Pa30rHHTe BTO-

re

pyro cxpenxy TaK, 'ITo6b1 OHa HMeAa ¢OPMY KpIOqKa, If COeAHHHre ee C nepBOITCKpenKOIT na 6YMd)l{HOMpyxono (CM. pHC. 10.1).

78

C"na " AB")I(eH"e

PMC. 10.1

4.

cxpcnxe. TIOKa pyAOH ne na'IHeT
pecxpy-rnnarscs. 3anHlIIMTe B Ta6Alll\e 10.1, KaKOeqHCAO cxpeBeWaHT€ lid KPJOqOK ITO OAHOH

nOK n01'pe60BilAOCb M" Taro, 4T06b1 pyAOH npaotipex HyJKHbIH
spamaromaa

Mo~eHT M Hd"tfdA pacxpyxasarsca.

Ta6nKqa 10.1 I1HepQMA BpallleHHA
TenD

'1Kcno CKpenoK
OnbIT 1

OnblT

2 OnblT 3

Onsrr 4

On biT 5

CpeAHee

Pynoa A

Pe3YAhlnC111lbl
LIneAO cxperrox 6YAeT MCH5ITbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTM OT MHOfHX epaK·

TOpOB, nanpavep, 01' peasrepe H neca 6yMaJKHOH AellTbl. ABTOPY
norpeooaaxocr, 18 cxpcnox, l{To6bI ee pyAOH Hallah pacxpyxaBaTbC5f.

[JoQeMy7
HHepU;HSI Bpa~eHH.H

3TQ CBDHCTBD rexa corrpOTHBA5IThC51 AID·

6bIM H3MeHeHH5!M npantareasnoro ABIDKeHIUI (noaopora soxpyr
OCM). ECAH HHep~H.H npaI.IJ;eIlH.ff noxomnerocs T€Aa n€AHKd, rpetiy-

79
eTCH t)OAhWOH: Bpa~alO1lJ,HHMOMeHT, tITo6bI IIpHBeCTH era BO apaII\eHHe. BpaII\alOII\HH MOMeHT - 3TO noaopexaaaroutee yCHAHe,
rrpHAO>KeHHOe K rexy H CTpeMH~eeC.H 3dCTdBHTb era BpaI.IJ;dThCH.
BpaII\alOII\HH MOMeHT pasen npOH3BeAeHHIO CHAbI aa AAHHy nepneHAHKyNlpa, npoaeaeaaoro OT OCH apamenax AO MfHHH AeHCTBHl! CHAbI. TOqHO TaK JKe, KaK CHAa, npHAOJKeHHall K rexy, crpeMHTCH H3MeHHTb era

nocrynarexsaoe ABHJKeHHe, TdK }Ke H sparexy, crpeMHTCH H3MeHHTh

I.IJ;droUJ;HH MOMeHT, rrpHAOJKeHHbIH K

ero BpaII\aTeAhHOe ABHJKeHHe. KaJKAall noasemenaes cxpenxa
AeHcTByeT na 6yMaJKHbIH pyAOH C HeKOTopbIM yCHAHeM. MHHa
nepneHAHKyNlpa, nposexeanoro or' OCH apamenaa pyxona AO AHHHH, BAOAh KOTOpOH npHAOJKeHO 3TO ycnxae, paena paaaycy pyAOHa. KaJKAall cxpertxa TaKHM 06pa30M YBeMf'{HBaeT spaureroII\HH MOMeHT, AeHCTBYIOII\HH aa pyAOH. BeAHqHHa apeureroutero
MOMeHTa, KOTOpbIH HyJKeH ANI Toro, '!T06h! pyAOH HaqaA pacxpyqHBaThCll, npOnOpI\HOHaAhHa BeMfqHHe HHepI\HH apameaas pyAOHa. TaKHM 06pa30M, qeM 6oAhll1e BpaII\alOlIlHH MOMeHT, rpetiyeMbIH ANI pacKpyqHBaHHll pyAoHa (qeM 6oAhll1e '{HCAO nozneureaHbIX CKpenOK), TeM GoAhll1e anepnxa BpaII\CHHll pyxoae,

HOBbie nOAXOAbl

KaK PaAHYc TeJIa BMflIeT aa era HHepI\il1O Bp~eHlilll Iloaropsrre HCCAElAOBaHlie, HCnOAh3yR ANI 3TOra BroPOH pyAOH 6YMaJKHOH AeHTbIC
PaAHYCOM, BABoeMeHhll1e PaAHYcanepsoaesexsaoro pyxoaa, ITyCTh
3To6YAeT pyAOH E. 3anHlIlHTe pe3YAhTaTbI onsrra B Ta6AHQY 10.1.
3a$HKcHpyifTe PaAHYCbI 060HX pyAOHOB.

npKAYMSKTe BSW C06CTBBHHbiK

onsrr

I. QeHTp Macc rexe - 3TO TOqKa, xoropaa MOJKeT peccxerpaBaThCll KaK cpeaoroxae BceH MaCCbI rexa, ECAH TeAO HaxoAHTCll B OAHOpOAHOM rpaBHTaI\HOHHOM noxe (OOAaCTH npocrpaaCTBa, B KOTOpOH AeHCTBYIOT CHAbI rpaBHTaI\HH). I\eHTp xacc
GOBnaAaeT C I\eHTpOM TllJKeCTH, ITpHMep OAHOpOAHoro rpasaTaI\HOHHOro nONl - rpaBHTaI\HOHHOe noaa 3eMAH. !.IeHTp
Macc AHCKa (cnAOll1HOrO I\HAHHApa) HaxOAHTCll 6AHJKe K ero
OCH, qeM uerrrp xacc otipyxa. ITpHAYMaHTe onsrr, B xoae KOTOporo MOJKHO 6bIAO ObI BbIllCHHTh, KaK paCnOAOJKeHHe nerrrpa
xacc rexa OTHOCHTeAhHO ero OCH BpaII\eHHll BAHlleT Ha arrep-

80

IJ;HIO

npauienas. Hcnoxsayirre rexa C 0AHHdKOBblMH MdCCdMH Ii

K~

He aa PdCCTOliHHH 45 CM OT ero uetrrpa. nOCKOi\bKY OCb BpaIJ1eHHlI crepacns ITpOXOAHTQepe3 ero nerrrp, nerrrp Macc crepscHH HaXOAHTC5I Hd MdKCHMaAbHOM YAaAeHHH OT

oca.

nYCTh

mrepuna BpdIJ1eHHlI sroro CTepJKHlI paaaa I,. ABd OCTaBWHXCli
xycKa

naacraxarra npaxpenare Hd sropoa

CTepJKeHb Hd

20

eM

6JUIJKe K ero qeHTpy. COOTBeTCTBeHHO OHH 6YAYT HdXOAHTbCll
Hd PdCCTOliHHH 25 CM OT nenrpa aroporo CTepJKHlI. Llerrrp
Macc

aroporo

JKe K ero OCM.

pacnoxaraerca, TdKHM o6pa30M, 6AHBpamatrre 3TOT crepxceas anepez, H Hd3aA, KdK

CTepJKHSI

81

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,

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H rrpeJKAe. Crapasrrecs noaopasase'n, BTOpOH crepxcem, C TOH
JKe CKOpOCTbIO, liTO H

nepnsni.

nYCTb HHepQHH

apautenas BTO-

poro crepscns panna h OOKpyrHTe KdJKAhlH crepxcern, HeCKOAhKO paa H cpaamrre nama OIl\Yll\eHHH. '1eM 60AhUIe HHepI.\HH npainenaa CTeplKHH, Tel'! TPYAHee ero npamars. KaKOH
CTepJKeHb

HAll

apamarr,

Aer~Ie? APyn:lMH CAOBaMH, liTO 60AhIlle: 11

12?

C60p cjlaKToB
I. KOlllKH Y"leIOT rrpaBlfAhHO crpynrrnpoaarsca nepex npaaesrxeHHeM, eCAH HX nOA6pocIITb

asepx ropxamxasnr.

KaK MeHHeTC5I

npa 3TOM naepuaa spemenaa rOAOBbI Ii XBOCTd KOIIIKH? KaK
:ll3MeHeHHe HHepU;HH npanieaaa CKd3bIBaeTCH aa crroco6e npa3eMAeHHH? 3aMel.l.QHue: Msr BOBce He npeaxaree» BaM npone-

/vuJ- Ha6AIOAeHHH 3d KOIlIKOH B
MOMeHT rrpH3eMAeHHH rpeoyerca Cnel.\lfdAhHOe KaeT OCTd-

82
aerscs B COCTOHHHH ABu:lKeHHH, noxa aa Hero He nOAeikTByeT
aexoropas CKM. 3TO SHaqlIT, qTO BpaII1alOII1eeCll TeAO 6YAeT
npOAOAJKaTb

apainarsca, noxa aa

Hero He nOAeiicTByeT aaxpy-

QHBalOII1dll CKAa B npOTHBOnOAOJKHOM HanpaBAeHHH. KaK onpeAeAlleTCll SpaII1aTeAbHbIii MOMeHT?

C nOMOII1blO aasoaa CO-

xpaaenaa spanrerexsrroro MOMeHTa 06bllCHHTe,
rypacrse HaQHHaeT 6bICTpee spamerscs. xoraa
PYKH KTeAy.

nO'ieMy

qlH-

npHJKHMaeT

MaSlTHHK: rapMOHH"IeCKHe
KOAe6aHHSI

MaHTHHK npencrasxaer C060H yCTpOHCTBO. KOTOpOe COCTOHT aa
rpyaa, IIOABerneHHOrO K OCM apeutenaa, OTHOCHTeAbHO KOTOpOH OH
conepuraer KOAe6aTeAbHbIe ABHJKeIUIH. nOCKOAbKY Ma.srrHHK COnepuraer pdSHOMepHhle KOAe6aHHsI. era qaCTO rrpHMeHHIOT B Mexa-

HI1QecKHx qacax. '

B 3TOM

OITbITe BbI

onpezexrrre nepaoz, MdTeMdTHQeCKoro

MdHT-

HHKa (BpeMlI ero KaqaHHl1 anepez, H Ha3aA). BM HCCAeAyeTe BAHlIHHe seea

rpy3d

If MHHhI MdHTHI1Kd Hd era

TeMdTIflleCKOrO MdHTHHKd BbI HaftAeTe
AeHHH. BbI rrOHMeT(~ raxxce.

no-resry

nepaoz, C IIOMOII..J;blO Md-

ycxopenne

cBo6oAHoro

na-

yrOA CMe~eHHH MdHTHHKd H~

AOAJKeH 6bITh ClllilliKOM 60AbIIlHM, "'!T06H ABHJKeHHH Mdj{THHKd

npeACTdBMIAH

co6oft rapMOHWleCKHe

KOAe6aHJUI.

C 'ferO Ha'faTb
l(eAb:

OrrpeAeAlITh

nepaoz, KOAe6aHHH MdTeMdTWleCKoro MdSITHHKd.

MamepuCIJILI
BCpeBKa AAHHoii 60 CM
MeTdJ\.AHQeCKaH rnaii6a
CKO'f\!

TpaHcnopTHp

cexyunoxep
llOpRgOK geuClIIBui!
I. npHBlIJKHTe aepenxy K rnaii6e.
2. Flpaxpernrre CKOTlleM rpencrroprap K xparc CTOAa, KdK noxasa,HO na pHC. 11.1.
3. Flpaxpernrrc nepesxy K CTOAy TaKHM o6pa30M, QT06bI OHanpoXOAHAa xepea uenrp rpancnoprapa.
4. Ma5lTHHK AOA)f(eH BHdl.J:aAe HaxoAMTbC5I B nOAOJKeHHH nOKOH.
Ha pHcYHKe 3TO aeprtrxaasnoe nOAOJKeHHe, OTMeqeHHOe 6yKBaH B. 3aTeM OTKJ\.OHH'I'e rndif6y B CTOpOHY TaK, \JT06hl aepeaxa

84

5.

COCTaBMlAa yrox ISO C BepTHKaAhlO (noAOJKeHHeA). OTnyCTHTe
rnafi6y H 0AHoBpeMeHHo C 3THM BKAIOtIHTe ceKYHAoMep.
3aqJHKCHpyiITe apesra, Heo6xoAHMOe M5I roro, '!T06hI lllaii6a co-

aepnmxe xecart, KOAe6aHMM. 3a DARD KOAe6aHHe CQlITaeTC71 ITO!\.srrpaao H BAeBD OT csremetmoro IIOAOJKeHHllA K C H 3aTeM CHOBa KA [aa pHC. 11.1 nOKa3aHO CTPeAKaMH).
Hoe KaqaHHe MaHTHHKa

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6. Orrpezexare rrepnoz, pa3AeAHB rronyueuaoe npexa aa AeCllTb.
7.

3arrl1:llllITe rrOA)"IeHHhIii peayxsrar B Ta6AHl\e 11.1.
[1oBTopHTe AeHCTBl1:11, OIlHcaHHble B rryHKTax 4-6, '1eTblpe pasa. Ycpentrrrre pe3YAbTaThI.

85

TafinHQa 11.1 napaMeTpbl MaHTHHKa
'fMcno waAfi

nepHOA, T (ceKyHAbl)

Onsrr 1 Onsrr 2 Onur 3

On biT 4

Onsrr 5

Cpe.QHee

1

Pe3YJl1JIlCllIll>l
8hl

orrpeaexnre nepaoz,

KOAe6aHHH MaHTHHKd, HCn0J\h30BaHHOro

BaMH B OITbITe.

fIo'leMY1
MaSITHHK - 3TO rpys, rrOABerneHHhIH TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO OHKOAe6AeTC>I OKOAO OCH apamenas (HeKOTopOH tPUKCUpOBdHHOH TOqKU B
rrpOCTpdHCTBe). MaTeMaTnqeCKHH MdSlTHHK rrpeacraaxser C060H
TCAO, naasraeesroe OTBeCOM, xoropoe YAepJKHBdeTC>I HHTbIO (sepesKOH, rrpOBOAOKOH H T.A.) npeaefipeaooro MdAOH MdCChI, npaxpenl\eHHOH K OCM Bpa~eHHH. KOfAd MillITHHK BHeHT BepTHKaAbHO Hera
QeHTp TR"fceCTH HaxOAHTCH HHJKe OCM BpaIIJ,eHHH, AeHCTByroIIJ,asJ lid
Hero CYMMdpHa>l CHAa (CYMMa ncex CHA, OAROBpeMeHHO AeHCTByroII\UX na YeAO) pamra HYAlO. B 3TOM cxysae rOBOp>lT, 'ITO MillITHUK naXOAlITCH B

roxxe

nOKOH, J1AH B nOAOJKeHIi:H yCToWIHBoro paBHOBe-

CU>I (rrOAOJKeHUe B ua puc. '11.1). Ilpa OTKAOHeHUU orsece B CTOpO-

HY OH cncmaorcs lid yrxoaoe paCCTO»HHe, xoropoe 3dBHClIT OT dMIIAHTYAbi Md>lTHHKa. CMell\eHHe - 3TO orrpeAeAeHHOe pacc-roarrae,
Hd xoropoe nepeaaaraercs TeAo, ABHJRyru;eeCH B OnpeAeAeHHOM iranpaaxenaa.

AMnAHTYAa -

HaH60AbIlIee CMe~CHHe '!'CAd OT rrOAO-

MillITHHKa), B aauresr onsrre
(yrox, aa KOTOpbIH OTKAOHHhCH MdRTHHK OT TOtIKl1
rroxox] pasea 15' (yrox A Hd pHC. 11.1). Fpya Md>lTHHKatPopMHpyeT
>KeHHH paBHOBeCHH (TO'tJKH DOKOH AMI
yroJ\. CMelQeHHR

aoccraaaaaaeasouree yCHAHe [xoropoe cTpeMIITC>I nosepayrs MaRTHUK Ii YMeHblllHTh yrOA era cMeUJ,eHH:sI), 3dCTaBA5IlOUJ,ee MaHTHHK

ABHraTbC>I Ha3ilA K TOqKe noxos. Ha pHC. 11.1 6}'KBaMH
3HaqeHbI BocCTaHaBAHBaIO~He CHAbI, II05IBNUOUJ,MeC5I

I, II 12 0606AaroAap»

Flocxe roro KaK MbI orrrycxaesr MasrrHHK, OR HaqHaaer nepHOAHQeCKOe ABHJKeHHe. 3TO 03HaQaeT, tITO MdHTHHK HaqHaaer KdtIdTbCH anpano H BAeBG or nOAOJKeHIUI A K C H ooperno K A
xepea TOqKY nOKOH, COBepIIIaH rroBTOpHIOIlJ,HeCH ABIDKeHIDl, KOTOpsre Hd3bIBdlOTCH KOAe6a.H.ID1MH. OepHoAoM MdSITHHKd T Ha3bIBaeT~
Beey MdwrHHKd.

C>I BpeM>I, rpetiyexoe AA>I coaepuremer GAROrO KOAe6aHHlI.

86
CQHTaeTC5I, 'tITOnpn yrae CMeIJ.J;eHIUI, MeHee llMI paaaosr 15", Ma~

lITHHK cosepmeer npocroe rapMOHH'IeCKOe ABHJKeHHe (nrAJ. DPH
3TOM BOCCTdHdBAHBalOrn;ee YCIfAHe nporropuaonaxsno yrAy cxenieHUH.

3To

3Hd'tUiT, q'fO UP" yneMPleHHH yrAd CMern;eI-HUI B03paCTdeT

BOCCTdHdBAHBaIOm;ee YCl1AHe.
HHH

B

npocrox rapMOHH'tfeCKOM ABlfJKe-

nepaoz, MdHTHHKd He 3dBHClIT OT

era dMIlJUITYAbI.

HOBbIe nOAXOAbl

1. KaK xacca MdTe.MdTIIqeCKOrO MdHTHHKd

Ilosropare OUbIT qeTI>lpe paaa,

BMUleT Hd era nepnoA?

KaJKAbLH paa YBeAHYHBd51 Hd DA-

RY KOAWIeCTBO rndi16. 3anl1111HTe noxyseaaue pe3YAbTdTbl B
Ta6Alll\e 11.2. K Hay'lHoMy ceMHHapy: rrOKaJKHTe aYAHTOpHH
¢oTorpa

s

1

88
Ta6nHlla 11.3 MaRTHHIC AaHHbie 06YCKopeHHH
OnblT

nepHoA (T), C

JlJlHHa (I), M

YCKopeHHe cB060AHoro
naAeHHR, Mlc'

1

2
3
4
5

cpeAHee
6. Ha 3eMAe npanaro ycxopenae CB060AHoro ni\AeHHlI, pasnoe
9,8 M/c'. C nOMOIl\blO cpeanero 3HaqellHlI ycxopeaas cB06oA'
aoro ITClAeHHJI BbNHCAHTe OTHOClITeAhHyro OllIH6Ky BdUlHX H3~
MepeHHH. 0 TOM, KdK onpeaexsrrs OTHOCHTeAbayro OllIH6KYr ex,
B npHAOJKeHHIl 2.

C60p
1.

c1JaKTOB

Ma5lTHHK C JKeCTKO 3aKpeITAeHHhlM OTBeCOM (TaKHe MdHTHMKM

acnoxssyiorcs B xacex] Hd3bIBaeTCSI cjJu3UQeCKUM MWlmnUKOM.
nepaoz, tPH3HQeCKOrO MillITHHKa COOTHOCHTCH c nepxoaon

KaK

MaTeMarnqeCKOro MdSITHHKa?

2.

KHAKOCTeH

IlhaBytleCTb JKHAKOCTH

::lTD CBOHCTBO TeAa YAepJKHBaTbC5I

noz, AeHCTBHeM

ne

nOBepXHOCTH

BbITdAKHBafOll{eti CllAhI, AeHCTB)'lOll(eH

aa

TeAD CO CTOpOHhI 3TOH JKI1AKOCTH. CtIHTaeTCH, tITO rpeqeCKHH
MaTeMaTIlX Apx",,,eA nnepasro 06'bliCHlIA AeikTBHe 3TOR CHAhI aa
reaa, HaxONlIIJ;HeC.H na nOBepXHOCTH JKHAKOCTH. 06bfl1HO IIAaBaHHe
CSlI3hIBalOT C BOAOil, HO nAaBaTb MOJKHO B AlO60il Tex)"Ieil CPeAe rase HAll >KHAKOCTII.
B 3TOM onsrre BhI onpeaezrrre nOA'beMHyro ClIAY, AeilcTBYIOII.\YIO
ae nxasesomee reAO, nyrex H3MepeHHlI aeca ShITeCHeHHoil 3TI1M
TeAOM SOAbI. BbI TaKJKe H3MepHTe pa3HHI\Y Me>KAY BeCOM rexa, asxozsmeroca B B03Ayxe, H BeCOM roro >Ke rexa, rrorpyxceaaoro B BOAY. TaKHM 06pa30M, Bb! ysaeere, '1eMY paaaa nOA'beMH"" caxe BOAhl, AeikTBYIOII.\all aa 3TO TeAO. BbI TaKJKe HccAeAyeTe 3aBHCHMOCTb
Me:>KAY IIJ\OTHOCTblO JKHAKOCTH Ii ee BhITaAKHBdlOm;etf

caxoa,

C "Iera Ha"laTb
l.leAb:

H3MepUTb

sec

BOAbI, BbITeCHeHHOH: TeAOM.

MamepuC1Abl
HO)KHHI.J;W

rrycraz

2-AHTpOBaH lIAaCTl1KOBaJI 6yrblAKd

AhlPOXOA

rnytnaacs

COAOMHHKa

Ai\5f

KOKTel1AA

MeplIali '1alIIKa AAlI H3MepeHHlI 06'beMa (250 MA)
KYBlIIHII
nozonpoaoanaa BOAa
6yMaJKHbIH: CTaKaHl.IHK 06'beMOM

90

MA

20 OAHHaKOBhIX MOHeT

110pRgOK geilCl1l.Buii
L
OTpeJKbTe aepxrnoro

lIdCTb IlAaCTHKOBOH 6yrhIJ\.KM. HMJKHRH

'1aCTb 3TOR 6yrb!AKH BaM 6YAeT HY>KHa.

2. C nonouuao AbIpOKOAa rrpo6eiITe AbIPKY B I1AaCTI1KOBOH 6YTbIAxe B 5 CM OT ee nepxnero KpaJI.
3. ltbofHHTe COAOMHHKy IIOA yrAOM 90" Ii BCTaBbTe ee KOpOTKHH
KOHe4 B oracpcrae ITA8CTHKOBOH 6yrblAKH. OOAcTaBbTe nOA HH)KHHH: KOHe~ COAOMHHKM MepHyTo

xanrxy.

4. 113 KyaIIlHHa HaAeHTe BOAY B 6YTblAKY TaK, 'IT06bI OHa aaxpuxa
COAOMMHKy. BOAd nore-rer xepea COAOMHHKy n MCPHYIO 'tJdllIKY.
5.

AOJKAHTeCb,

xaurxy.

xoraa BOAa nepecraner CTeKdTh
nocraasre nycTYJO qaIIIKy TIOA

BHOBb

Ii OnOp0>KHlITe

HH)KIIHH

xoueu

COAOMl1HKH.

6. TIoMeCTI1Te 6YMaJKHblii CTaKaH'IHK na nonepxaocrs BOAbI B 6yTbIAKe. floMepxumaiiTe CTaKaWUfK PYK0H: H no OAHOH. HanOAH5IHTeera rrOCTeneHHO MOHeTaMJ{. ueAHTe 3d TeM, t{To6bI BOAd
He

rreperexaxa xepes xpaa 6YThlAKH.

....

PHc.12.1

92
7.

)l(I1AKOCTI1

Korna BOAa nepecraner Te'lb sepes COAOMHHKy B MepHYJO xeru6YMaJKHbIH craKaHQHK H:3 6yrblJ\.KH. 3aIIHmHTe 06'LeM BOAhI, HaKOIlHBweHClI B MepHOH '1aWKe, B .IlHTpax (AI (eAHHHI1a 06'beMa B cacrexe CI1I.
I1cnoJ\b3YHTe cAeAYJOIl\YJO q,OPMYAy AAlI onpeaexeaaa MaCChI
BOAbI B KHAOrpaMMax (xr):
KY, BbIHbTe

8.

m -

Maced, H3MepeHHdH B

xr
1 Kr/h

DBOAbJ. -

IlJ'lOTHOCTb BOAhl, KOTOpdH COCTaBMleT

V. OA'"

06'beM BhITecHeHHoH BOAbI B AHTpax (A)

-

Ilpuuep;
ECAH 6YMaJKHhIH CTaKaH'IHKBbITeCHHJ\ 15 MABOAbI, T.e. 0,015A,
Macea 3TOH. BOAhl COCTaBAHeT:

mS OA bi = D BOA bI x VB OA bI
= 1 KrlA x 0,015 A

= 0,015 xr
9.

C nOMOIl\blO CABAYJOIl\ero ypaBHeHHlI onpenexare nee BOALI B
HblOTOHax (H):

Fne e

=

m x g, rAe

F Bee

-

Bee BOAhl, H3MepeHHhIH B HhlOTOHax

m -

Maced BOAbI B

xr

g - ycxopeaae cBo6oAHoro IldAeHHlI, paaaoe 9,8 M/c2

Ilpunep:
ECAH 6bIAO BhITeCHeHO 0,015 A BOAbI, Macca 3TOH BOAbI COCTaB.IllIeT 0,015 xr, a sec BOAbI B HbIOTOHax paaea:
FRee

= mXg
= 0,015 xr x 9,8 M/c 2
0,147 Kr'M/c 2
= 0,147 H

=

Ilpusteuanue: 1 HblOTOH = I Kr'M/c 2, 1l03TOMY nee BOAbI pasea
0,147 H.

Pe:JyllbI1U1IIlhl
BYMaJKHhIH CTaKdHlIHK IIAaBaeT B

perexaer

BOAe.

BeAd, BbITeCHeHHCUI HM,

rre-

B MepHylO qaIlIKY. BbI HcnOAh30BaAlf 06'heM 3TOH BOAbl,

flnaeysecrs: BbITanK'1BalOU1a~C'1Jla )K'1AKOCTe~

93

'1To6bl BbI'IHCAHTb BbITaJlKHBalOU1YJO CHAy, AenCTBYlOII\YJO Ha 6yMdJKHbIH: crexarrsax. Hanpaxep, Hd TeAO, BbITCCIHIIOJn;ee 0,015 A
BOAbI, AeiicTByeT BbITaJlKHBalOII\a~ CHAa, paaaaa 0,147 H.

llOQeMyl
EYMaJKHblH: CTdKdHtIHK IIAdBdeT B BOAC, IIpl1 3TOM
BHRd

era

HaxoAHTC5I

noz, BOAOH. EY1"laJKHhIH

npnxepuo noxo-

CTdKdr-rQHK BblTeCHJleT

paanoe no o6neMY TOll era tIaCTII,
BLITaAKHBalOlIWSI CHAd ecrt, IIOAbeM-

(BbITaAKHBaeT) KOJUltIeCTBO SOAhI,
KOTOpasI HaxOAHTC5I

noe, BOAOH.

Hall CHAd TeK}"leii cpeAbI (BeII\eCTBa - rase HAM >KHAKOCTH, - KOTOpoe 06Ai\AaeT TeKyqecTblO H AerKO MeHlleT cpopsry noz, AaBAeHHeM),
KOTOpa.sI Ae:H':CTByeT

aa

nOMern;eHHOe B Bee

rexo.

BbITaAKHBalO:rn;a51

CHAa BOAcl, AeiicTBYJOII\a~ Ha 6YMaJKHbIii craxanxnx, penna necy
BbITeCHeHHOH HM BOAhI. 3TOT 3dKOH Hd3BdH HMeHeM

rpenecxoro

MaTeMaTHKa Apxnsreaa (298 - 212 AO H.3.). xoropsra YTBepJKAaA,
q'fO A!06oe TeAO, rrorpyxcemroe B BOAY, BbITaAKHBaeTC5I H3 nee C CH-

necy

ACH, paSHOM

BbITecHeHHoH HM BOAb!. EClUf BbI

saaere

BbITeCHeHHOH TeAOM BOAhI. BbI MOJKeTe BbI1HICAllTb ee
6YAeT

pasen BbITdJ\.KHBdlOrn;eil

nee,

06'beM

KOTOpbIH:

cl1J\..e B HbIOTORax,

HOBbie nOAXoAbi

I. TeAO 6YAeT AepJKaTbC~ lid BOAeAOrex nop, rroxa ero sec 6YAeT

vpasnoscuraaersca necox BhITeeHeHHOH MM BOAhI. CpaBlIMTe
necosr BOAhI, KOTOpylO OHM BhITeCHHAM B nepnOHa1.IaJ\hHOM OIIbITe. OIIpeAeJUITe aec CTdKdWlHKd C
nec CTaKaHl.IHKd M MOlleT e

MOHeTaMIi, li3MepHB HX Macey C IIOMOIIJ;hlO 6bITOBhIX

aecos

B

rpaxxax, Flepeaeznrre anaxenae neea n rpaxxax B KIlAOrpaMMbI Ii no epopMyAe F Be c = m x g HallAHTe Bee craxansaxe c MOHeTaMH B HblQTOHax.

2. "tJeMY paaea

MaKCHMaAhHhIH

Mora, UpR KOTOpOM OHM

aroprrre

erne

nee craxaasaxa H era COAepJKH~
MOryr OCTdBdTbCH aa BOAe? ITo-

nepnOHdqaAbHbIH OIIbIT.

B

IIAaBalOIlJ,HH

na

BOAe

fiy-

MaJKHbIH eTaKaHqHK Ao6aBAHllTe no OAUOH MOHeTe Ii CAeAHTe

sa TeM, KaK MCHHeTCH IIOAOJKeRHe CTaKdHqHKa B BOAe. 3aMeTb~
Te MOMeHT, KorAd IIpH Ao6aBAeHHH 01.IepeAHOH MOHeThl CTa~
Kall'lHK ITOTOlleT. YAaAHTe 0AllY MOllery. Onpeaexrrre aec cyxoro CTdKdHqHKa H OCTaBlIIHXCH MOlleT, KdK rrpeJKAe. HaifAHTe
nec BOAhI,
3TH neea?

nsrrecaeanoa

CTaKdHqHKOM. KdK COOTHQCHTCH 06a

94

)l(HAKOCTI-l

npltAYMaMTe Baw co6CTBeHHbiM onsrr

la.

ECAH 3aKOH ApxHMeAd

nepen, AciicTBHe BbITaAKHBdlOIIJ,eii CI1AbI

paBHOCHJ\bHO TOMY, liTO TeAO B BOAC 06AClAae-r Ka>KYIl-\l1:I\IOI ae-

COM (FA!. paBHblM peilAhHoMY Becy (FDeel TeAd, H3MepeHHoMY B
B03Ayxe, MHHYC sec BOAhl, nbiTeCHeHHOH TeAOM (FB), KOTOPblH
pasen BbITaAKHBillO~eHCHAe.

3Ty

3aBI1CHMQCTh MQ)f{HO asipe-

311Th ypaBHeHlIeM: FA = (FaBel - (FB)'
flpllAyMaHTe onLIT NUl npoaepxa sroro YTnep>KAeHHlI.
MOJKHO, aanpnsrep, orrpeAeAHTb peaAbHblH: Bee KaMH5I B B03·
Ayxe (Faec) B HbIOTOHax. 113MepbTe, KaK B npeAbIA)'ll1eM MeTOAe, Macey KaMH5I B KHAorpaMMax c rroseomsro 6e3MeHa, 3aTeM
paCCQHTaHTe Bee no ¢opMYhe F n e c = m x g. 3aIIHillHTe nee
KaMHlI (F. ec ) B Ta6,ull.\y 12.1. Floeropirre nepnOHaqilAhHblH
OllhIT AJUI onpeaexeuna acca BOALI (F B ) . BbITecneUHOH KaM·
HeM, npn ero norpyJKeHllll n nOAY. 3anlllllllTc nec (FB) n Ta6JU'Iuy. Pacc-nrrairre KaJKYll\lIHClI nec (FAl KaMHlI c nossoun.ro
ypannenaa FA = (FDec) - (FB) H aanaumre IIoAyqeHHL'H pe3yALTaT B Ta6AHI.\Y.

Ta6nw~a 12.1 BblTanKWBaKulIaA ciliii

Teno

Bec BB03Ayxe
(F...I. H

Bec BbITeCHeHHoii
BOAbl (FBI. H

_.

Bec rena BBOAe
(FAI. H

KaMeHb
6.

ECJ\H /Jl3a rexa OAHHdKOBOro 06'beMa, HO C pasnsn-r neCOM norpyJKeJlbI B BOAY, 6YAeT AM OThRtIaThC.SJ AeHCTBYIOrn;a51 na HHX Bbl-

cnoco6, C IIOMOIIJ,blO KOTOpOsonpoc, /1.MI 3TOH ll;eAH MOJKHO HC-

TaAKHBdEOrn;aH CHAa? npHAYMaiITe

ro

MO)KHO OTBeTHTb Hd 3TOT

nO.l\b30BaTb KOHTeHHep C nAOTHO 3aKpbIBdIOIIJ,eHCH KpbIUIKOH.
3anOAHHHTe KOHTeHHep pa3J\J1QHbIM cOAepJKI1MbIM H MemulTe
ero

B.

nee.

KaK na BbITaAKHBdlOllWlO cMAy B )KHAKOCTH BAHHeT ee IIAOT-

Ilosropare HccAeAoBaIlHe, HCrrOAb3yH )f(HAKOCTM C pasaanpuvep, BOAHhIe pacraoprz C pesAHQHOH: KOHu,eHTpaU;HeH: COAM. OAOTHOCTR pacrnopon C paansrMIl KOHI..J;eHTpaI..J;HHMH OqeHb He3HatIl1TCAbliO OTJUltIalOTCSl APyr
HOCTh?

AHqHbIMM IIAOTHOCTSlMI1,

OTAPyra. flO3TOMy HaAO H3MepllTb Maccy onpeAcAeHHoro 060eMa KaJKAOrO pacrsopa aa TOtIHbCX aIITeKapCKHx necax, C TOqHOCTblO no KpaHHei1: Mepe

0,01

r.

nllaBY4eCTb: BblTaJ1KI1BalOU\all

PUC.

cuna

lKl1AKOcTeti

95

12.2

C60p c!laKTOB
I.

DOAhlLlI1HCTBO Pbl6 06AilAiliOT CIIoco6HOCTblO IlAiIBdTb na rAy6HHe,
nOA nOBepXHOCThIO BOAbI.

3Ta HX cnoco6HOCTh ITGAyqlfAa

Hd3Ba-

HHe rugpoHenecoMocmu (HyAenoii llAQByYecmu). KaKHe CHJ\hl OTBeTCTBeHHbI sa rryxesyro lIAaByYecTbl KaK pbI6bl COXpaHlIlOT eel

2.

B03AYX !\HIlIb

osem, xerxas TeKY"alI cpeAa c lIJ\OTHOCTblO scero

1.25 x 10- 3 r/MA (1.25 Kr/M 3j . Aaun,

npasrep,

B03AYJIlHbIe

urapsr,

HeMHorne rcxa. na-

HanOAHeHHbIe reAlleM HAM

rops-

'IHM B03AYXOM, cnocoonsr rraprrrs B B03AYXe' Floxesry B03AYIlIHbIH map, HanOAHeHHbltf" ropWlHM B03AYXOM, IIAaBaeT B He6e?

Ha KdKyro BblCOTy crrocooes nOAHHTbCSI TdKOH map? OTBeTbI Hd
3TH BOllPOCbl 1I01lpo6yHTe HaHTH caMH BY"e6HHKax 1I0 epHoenaaneaae

BdHlla ad AdBAeHHe B03Ayxa. OOBTopHTe OIIbIT. 3dMeHHB XOAOAHYIO

BOAOilpOBOAJI)'IO BOAY na ropasyio B xopofixe H3-IIOA 06YBH. K aayqHOMY ceMHHdpy: CAeAallTe ¢oTorpaqJHH, Ha KOTOPblX 6b1AO 6b1
BHAMO, KdK H3:MenH.J\HCb

paaxep, KHAKOCTH H ra3bl

B COCTOSlHHH nOKOSI

CAOBO «HenOAIUDKHblih> oaaaxaer OTCYTCTBHe ABHJKeHIUI, a TeKy-

qHe cpensr - 3TD JKHAKHe HAH ra3006pa3HbIe aemecrna, cnocofimae K rreperexaumo. TaKHM 06pa30M, nayxa 0 «HerrOABHJKHhIX TeKytIHX

cpeaax»

3dHI1MaeTC5I HCCAeAOBaHHeM xapaxrepacrnx JKHA-

xocrea H ra30H, HaxOMlIIJ;HXCH B COCTOKHHH rrOKOR.
B 3TOM OfIbITe BbI 3KcrrepHMeHTdAbHO CpaBHHTe AaBAeHl:Ie, KOTOpoe OKd3b1BaeT B03AYX B pa3AWIHbIX HarrpaBAeHIUIX B 3aAaHHOH TOt!-

xe rrpOCTpaHCTBd. BbI TaKJKe Hai1AeTe OIIbffilbIM rryren 3dBlfCHMOCTb
Me~y AaBAeHHeM« rAy6HHoH B nerrOABH>KHOH JKHAKOCTIL BbI nponepare aa OfIbITe CnpaBeAJUfBOCTb 3dKOHd IlaCKaASI. B KOTOpOM

yr-

nepJKAaeTCH, qTO AdBAeHHe Hd noaepxaocri, JKMAKOCTH B COCYAe,
rrpOH3BOAlfMOe BHeLUHHMH CllJ\.dMH, nepezaerca JKHAKOCThIO OAHHaKOBO BO

acex HarrpaBAeHHHX KG

acesr yq:aCTKaM 3TOH JKHAKOCTII.

C -rero Ha'laTb
lleA.L:

cpaBHHTb AaBAeHHe, OKa3bIBaeMoe B03AyxOM B pa3AWIHbIX

Hal1paBAeHH.sIX B 3iiAaHHOH TOl.IKe.

MamepuaAhI
1 6aHKa 06bCMOM

500 MA

BOAOllPOBOAIIa.sI BOAa

1 KaTaAO)KHaJI

KdpTOl.IKa

60ALllId51 MHCKa

lIopJlgoJ< gerlcInBuii
I. 3arroJUUlTe 6aHKY BOAOH.

2. Ilpaxpoiire KapTOl.IKOH ropxsnuxo 6aHKI1.
3. nOAHeCHTe 6aHKy K MHCKe H paCIIOAO/KHTe HaA HeM.
4. ITpMAep.>KHBiilI KapTOQKY PYKOH, nepenepmrre 6aHKY.
5. OCTOP0.>KHO yfieptrre PYKY.

103

6.

YAepJKHBilJI ropxsuuao 6aHKH npaxepao ae OAHOH " TOH JKe
BhICOTe, MeMemlO nOBepHHTe GaHKY, CAeAaB nOAHhIH Kpyr
(360°) TaK, 'ITOGhI ropxsnnxo GaHKH BHa'laAe GhlAO oripameao

1.

BHHMaTeAbHO

BHH3, 3aTeM

nsepx,

a 3aTeM CHOBa BHH3.

Ha6AJOAaHTe aa TeM, KaK 6YAeT BeCTH ce6fl IIO-

BepXHOCTb KapTO'lKH, 3aKphIBalOII1eH GaHKy.

\
\
\

\

I

,I
'"

.-I

P"C, 14.1

Pe3y..u.mI Y ropxannxa 6aHKH see BpeM>I, noxa GaHxa coaepuraer nOAHhIH 060pOT. 80 BpeMS! BpaII1eH">I ra 'IaCTb xapTOQKH,

xcropas aaxpsrsaer ropxsnnxo

6aHKH, OCTaeTCH CAerKa 80-

rnyroa BHYTpb H npaxravecxa He MeH>IeT CBOIO KeM r B CTaKaHe.

npHAyMaHTe CIIoco6, c rrcsrounao KOTOpOrO MO>KHD nposepHTb 3TO yrBCPJKAeHHC. Harrpanep, 3alIOAHHTe COCYA BOAOH H

npOAeAaHTe B HeM OTBepCTHH 0AHHdKOBOro passrepe na

pa3HbIX

BbICOTax, cooruercruyromnx paaasrsr rAy6HHaM (CM. pHC. 14.2).

o

BeAHl.JHHe AaBAeHH5l B

cocYAe

Hd

yposne

3THX

oTBepcTHH

MO)l(HO CYAHTb lIO MHHe (L) CTPYH BOAhl, xoropaa 6YAeT 6HTb
H3 KdJKAOro OTBepCT.lHI. l..JeM 60Aee rAy6oKo paCrrOAOJKeHO OT-

sepcrne,

TeM 60Abwe AdBAeHHe. B03bMHTe BbICOKHH 6YMdJK-

xapauaama npoAeAaih'e B

HbU1 CTaKaH H KOHqllKOM

CTHe OKOAO

AHa.

3aKAetITe

ornspcrae

HeM

OTBep-

CKOTtleM H HarrOAHHTe

CTdKdH BOADH:. I13MepbTe paCCTOHHHe OT

ororo

OTBepCTIlH AD

nOBcpxHOCTH BOAbI. 3aIIHllIHTe IIoAyqeHHbIH: pe3YAbTdT B Ta6-

AHI.\y [4.1 KaK BbICOry ornepcras A. C TIHM 3HaQCHHeM h lIO
¢opMyAe P130Al.l = Dgh orrpexexare AaBAeHMe BOAhI B xerpax
na ypoane oTBepCTH5I A, yqwrbIBdH , tITO III\OTHOCTb BOAhl paana
1 x 103 Kr/M3.

_ )<

///c

>;

'-------

c

[§J

s

I9J
AJ----------'1

PHc.14.2

106

)l(l'l.QKOCTl'l

[JpUMep: AdBAeHHe BOAb! aa ril.yoHHe h = 0,03 M peano

PBO"" = Dgh
PBO""" = 1 x 103 Kr/M 3 x 9,8
= 0,294 Kr''''M/M 3,c2

M/c

2

x 0,03 M

10 3 H/M2
= 0,294Kna
= 0,294

X

3,c 2

2

3aMeTHM, 'ITO eAHHHqbl Kr'M'M/M
npeoopa3YJOTCJI B Kr'M/c2'M
2
nOCKOJlbKY 1 Kr,Mlc
I H, TO 0,294 Kr'M'M/M3,c2 0,294 xla' Hhi',
2
a TaK KaK 1000 HI M = 1 xfla, TO 0,294 x 103 H/M 2 = 0,294 xl'la.
KHAOnaCKaJIb (xfla] - OOblqHO npHMeHSIeMilSI aa npaxrnxe MeTpHqeCKaH eAHHH~a AAH H3MepeHHH APBAeHMH, nocKohbKY naCKaAb
(Tla] - CAniliKOM Mail.eHbKaSi eAHHHqa,

=

=

Flocreasre na xpaio noxnoca nepeaepayryro npsnoyroasayro
KOpOOKy, a B Hee yCTaHoBHTe CTaKaH TaKHM otipaaox, qTOObl OTsepcrae ObIAO ofiparneno B CTOpOHy noznoca. YAaAHTe C OTBepeTHH CKOTtl H 3dMeThTe, B

xaxyio ro-rxy aa rroxaocc

6YAeT 6HTb

crpys.

H3MepbTe paCCTOSlHHe no rOpH30HTaAH OT oTBepCTHSI AO
3TOH TOqKH H 3anHIlIHTe 3TOT pe3YAbTaT B TaOM!qy 14,1 B KOAOHKy
All." AJl.HHbI BOAliHOH crpyn, OblOll\eH H3 OTBepCTHSI A. npoAeAaHTe
B CTaKaHe eute ABa oTBepcTHSI, B H C, asnne oTBepcTHH A. nOBTOpare onsrr, OTKpblB8lI Ka>KAbIH paa TOAbKO no 0AHOMY OTBepCTHIO
(B HAn C). CAeAHTe aa TeM, qTOObl ace OTBepCTHSI OblAn OAHHaKOBora pasxepa.

Ta6nKila 14.1

BenM~KHa

=

h rny6KHa
OTeepcTMB (M)

AaeneHKB

llaeneHKe
(Ina)

l

=AnKKa BOABHOil
CTpyK (M)

oraepcrae A (AHO)
orsepcrae B (cepeAHHa)

orsepcrae C (sepx)

2.

Bxes naCKail.b (1623 - 1662), .ppaHqY3cKHH MaTeMaTHK H H306peTaTeAb, nepasrx OTKpblA, qTO JKHAKOCTb B coeTO"HHH noKOSI

rrepeaeer oxaasrseexoe

Hd

nee

AdBheHHe DAM-HaKDBa no

scex HanpaBAeHHSlM. 3aKOH naCKaAli YTBepJKAaeT, qTO AaBAeHIfe, npMAOJI'CeHHOe K HeCJKHMaeMOH JKHAKOCTH B 3dMKHyrOM

OO'heMe, pacnpexexserca paBHOMepHO no scesr aanpaaxena-

107

HenOAB"'lKHble TeKy'me CpeAbl

HM H

no

BceM yqacTKaM JTOrO

o6'be-

Md. DPHAyMdHTe OIIbIT, KOTOpbIH

rrOATBepAHT

cnpaBeAAHBOCTb

AJuI

3dKOHd DdCKaMI.

aroro

MO:>KHO B311Tb AByxAHTPOBy1O
IIAdCTlfKOBYIO 6yrblA-

xy,

rrOMeCTHTb

B

nee 3dKP.bJTbIH
n p o apax ma a
IIaKeTHK

H3~nOA

cneU;UH

aa-

H

rrOAHHTb 6YTbI"-

KY

BOAOH.

B rra-

KeTHKe A0J'J)KeH

6bITb

B03AYUI-

HbIH

rrY3bIpb.

Dp...

C:>KdT......

6yrbWTdTC neperexaaaa CTaTIP.JeCKHX 3apRAoB.
B 3TOM OITbITe BbI yaaaere, KaK MOMHO nOJUIpH30Ban. BemeCTBO
3THM BbITepeB

C noaomsro 3AeKTpocTan,p-IeCKOM H1lAYKQMH (pa3AeAeHHe 3ap5IAOB
6J\.arOAap»: npacyrcrsaio 3apHJKerIHOro rexa}, BbI Hayt:fHTeCb aapa>KaTb BeIIJ,eCTBO C nOMOIIJ,blO 'rpeaas H 3AcKTpOnpOBOAHMOCTH. BbI

orrpenexare, KaK psccroanae MCJKAY 3ap5l)KCUHbIMH aeuiecrnaxa BAHReT aa Hanp5DKeHHOCTb 3AeKTpl1t:feCKOrO nOAH r B03HH-

TaKJKe

xaroutero MeJKAY HHMH.

C sero Ha'laTb
LfeAb:

nOMlpH30BaTb Be~ecTBO C nOMOIIJ,bJO 5IBheHH5I 3AeK1poCTa-

THtJecKoH MJiAYKIJ;HH.

MamepuaAbI
2 nOHqRKa
N'a xycosxa BepeBKH no 30 CM
CKOTtl

AHHellKa

B03AynJHhlH nrapax
rnepCT>IHOH rnapI AOCTaTOqHO AaAeKO
APyr OT APyra, paCCTO>IHHe MeJKAY HHMH AONKHO 6hITh He Menee I CM. OmeChl-IIOnqHKH AOAJKHhl CB060AHO BHCeTh P>IAOM,
HO He KaCaThC>I APyr APyra.
CAeAHTe aa 'reM, 'IT06hl BepeBKH Ii OTBCCbI BHCeAll

pa3AeAhHo.
3. HdAyHTe B03AynJHhlH
inapax AO pasxepa
60Ahrnoro rpeHmppyra H 3aBll>KHTe ero.
4. 3apllAHTe uiapas. norepes ero HeCKOAhKO
pas (He xenee nsrra] urepcraaux rnapKeHHhlH nrapax K BHC>IIl\HM OTBecaM-noHqHKaM AOCTaTOQHO 6AH3KD, HD TaR. tITO(jbI OR He KaCaACn HX.

6. MeMeHHo OTBeAHTe 3apll>KeHHhlH mapax
HaAeBO, a 3aTeM aanpaso. IToHa6AIOAaHre sa TeM, KaK N'HraIOTC>I npa 3TOM OT-

secsi.

7. B03bMHTe urapax H nOAO>KHTe ero
KYAa-HH5YAb B CTOpOHy, aa pacCTO>IHHe He MeHee I M OT OTBeCOB. r1oHa5AIOAaHTe sa TeM, KaK
MeH>ieTC>I paCnOAO>KeHHe OTBeCOB no OTHorneHHIO APyr K
APyry B TeqeHHe ABYX HAIi 50Aee MHHYT.

PHC. 15.1

112

Pe3YAhlIIQ1lIhl
BHaqaAe BepeBKH C rrpHKpelIJ\.eHHbIMH K HHM nOHtIHKdMH·OTBeCd-

MH BHCeAH napawexsao APyr APyry. Koraa BbI nepexeutaxa nrapax
nOA OTBeCaMH, OHH TOJKe ABHrilAHCb B Ty JKeCTOpOHy, KYAa ABHrdACli nrapnx. Cpasy JKe nOCAe YAdAeHHlI urapaxa BepeBO'lKH OKa3aAIlCb paCnOAOJKeHHblMH nOA yrAO>1 APyr K APyry. a paccrosnae

nepaonaaaxsasrsr.
Crrycra aexoropoe spexa BepeBKH CHOBa CTilAHnapaN\eAbHbI APyr

MeJKAY OTBeCdMH yaeAH'lIHAOCb no cpaBBeRIHG c

APyry·

110'leMY1
3AeKTpH'leCTBO -

lIBAeHHe, B03HHKalOll\ee B pesyxsrere npHcYT-

(TBHH HerroABHJKHbIX KI\.H /V310KYIl.J;I·IXCH 3AeKTplflecKHX 3apHAOB.

3aPIlA (:>AeKTpH'leCKHii 3dPllAl - 3TO cnoacrso BJIYTPHaToMHbIX
'laCTHl.\ npHTlIrHBdTb HAH OTTdAKHBdThAPyr APyra HAM 'lacTHl.\b1 B
APyrHX aeuiccrnax. CHAa, B03HHKdlOll\dlI MeJKAY ABYMlI 3apllJKeHHbIMH TeAdMH, Hd3bIBaeTC5I CIl.AOH 3AeKTpUQeCKOrO (HJ\H KyAOHOB-

cxoro] B3dHMOAeiicTBHII. B npOCTpaHCTBe noxpyr 3apllJKeHHOrO reAd B03HHKaeT 3AeKTpH'IecKoe

noxe, IIOCpeACTBOM KOTOpOro CRAa
nepeaaercx APyrHM aapaacea-

3AeKTpHQeCKOrO B3dHMOAeHCTBHR

HhIM TeJ\.dM. I1CTOQHHK I10AOJKHTeAbHhIX Ii OTpHIJ,dTeAbHbIX 3apSIAoB

coCpeAOTOtIeH B - aTOMax (C'rpOHTeAhHhIX «KHpnHqHKaxn

nentecr-

sa]. COAepJKall\HX IIAPO (l.\eHTpdAbHdlI qaCTb aTOMa) C npOTOHaMH
(llOAOJKHTeAbHO 3apllJKeHHble qaCTHl.\b1 BHYTPH lIApa) H 3AeKTpOHaMH (OTpHl.\aTeAbHO 3apllJKeHHble sacrauu BOKpyr lIAra).
KHblii

""paHoa",

""~~

Puc. 15.3
nOAytIIITb pa3HoHMeHHhIe 3apHAhl Hd KYCOqKax CKOT'Id, IIOCTYJIH-

Te CAeAyroII\UM o6pa30M, Baexaxe OTOpmITe 0AHH KYCOK npo3pa'lHoii: AeHTbI AAHHOii: npaxepno 12,5 CM, Ha"oTdHTe 2,5 CM
AeAThI

na aaocrpenasni

KOWUIK

xapanaaura.

OOAOJKlITe

xapan-

AdllI C HdMOTaHHoH Hd Hero AeHTOH.Hd CTOA r fAClAKOM CTOpOHOH K
CTOAy. B03bMIITe KyCOK BTOPOH AeHTbI, TaJOKe MHHOH

12,5 eM,

If

cxenca HdMOTafITeHd BropOH KapaHAam. HaAO}KHTe rAClAKYJO CTOpo")' BTOPOii: AeHTbl aa AHnKyro crapo")' nepsoa AeHTbl, YAep;>KH-

nepssui xepaaaanr C AelITOH na eTOAe, nOT.HHlITe aa BTOpOH H
aepxmoro Aemy OT HHJKHeH. Cpasy JKe IIOCJ\.e 3TOro nosropare rrepBOHatIaAhHbIH OUbIT H H3MepbTe paCCT05IHae, Ed KOBaH

OTOpBIITe

TOpOM B03HHKaeT CHAd npIITH/KeHH5J MeJKAY KyCKdMH CKOPId.

C60p
1.

aKTOB

B 1785 r. rppaauyacxaa KeHHhIMH

CTan'1yeCKOe 3JleKTpWyeCTBO: nOKOHll1WeCH 3apHIJ,bl

117

cKAY HHMll na CTOAeIIOMeCTHTe

AH-

119

3. Ilposeasre CTepJKeHh CKB03h AhIpKy OAHoro H3 MaraHTHKOB.
4. Ilpoaensre CTepJKeHh CKB03b AhlPKY sroporo MaraHTa H CTOMHHTe 06a xaraare aa CTepJKHe APyr C ApyrOM. ECAH MarHHThI
npHAHnHYT APyr KAPyry, CHHMHTe BTOPOH MarHHT, nepenepna-

re

era H CHOBa H3AeHbTe EB CTepJKeHh.

[Martnrrsr AOAJKHbI

QT-

TaAKHBaTbClI. )

5. IToBTopHTe eme ABa paaa AeHcTBHlI H3 rryaxra 4, nOMeCTHB aa
CTepJKeHh OCTaBllil1eCR ABa MarHHTa.

6.

YAOJRHTe KOHIJ;bI CTepJKHH lid KHHfH TaKHM 06pa30M, llT06hI
MarHHTI1KH IIOBHCAH H(lA

AHHeHKott npHJKMHTe KOHIJ;hI CTepJK-

HSf KHHraMH, QTo6?I OH He KaTaAC51.

8

-* f- nromu~o()eUcm~!OU1ueCUAbl
~ JAbl. ECAH CY111eCTByeT TOAbKO OAHH rexon nyrb, no
KOTOPOMY MO)KeT Teqb 3AeKTpH'IeCKHH TOK, TO TaKaH
eTCH rrOCAeAOBdTeAbHOH:.

uens aaasma-

EcJUf KaKoif-J\JI60 ¥'IdCTOK TaKOH u;eIIH pa-

30MKH)'T, TO TOK He MOJKeT CAeAOBdTh no

uena soonme. Hexoropsre
nem- nOCAeAOBaTeAh-

HOBorOAHHe rnpMlHAbl rrpeACTdBJUlIOT co60H:

no BKA!OqeHHbIX AdMIlOqeK.
TO

ECAH XOTH fibI DAlIa 113 HRX

rreperopaer,

racner BeR rnpMlHAd.
B 3TOM onsrre BbI H3roTOBHTe MOAeAb AM AeMOHCTpal\HH pa60-

TbI nOCAeAOndTeAhHOH u;eIIH. BbI HayqlITecb H3MepHTb Hanp.SIJKeHHe,

caxy TOKa H COnpOTIIBAeUHe B IIOCAeAOBdTeAhHOH uenn. BbI
yanaere, KaK ).IdTeMdTHQeCKH onpeAeMJTb conpornaxemre c

TdKJKe

nOMO~bJO 3dKOHd OMd.

C '1ero Ha'laTb

MamepulIAbl
6ampeiiKa C Hanp>lJKeHHeM 1,5 B
6aTape'fiHhIH AepJKdTeAh C IIOAKAlOQeHHbIMH H30AHpOndHHhlMl1

npoeoaasra (KpacHbIll H '1epHblll)
E-l0

AdMna-BCITbIllIKd C U;OKOAeM

AaMnOBblll narpoa C 1.\0KOAeM E-I 0

lIopJlgoK geiiCl1l1lUtl
I. DOAOJKliTe 6aTapelO B 6ampeiiHblii AepJKaTeAb MHH)'COM K xepHOMY npoaozy.
2. Bxpynrre AaMny B narpon.
3. AepJKa npoeoza tiarapeaaoro AepJKaTeA>l aa H30AHpOBaHHble
ytlacTKM,

nonnecare

HX 3a1.JHIIJ;eHHble KOHll,bI K BlUITOBbIM KOH-

TaKTaM AaMnoBoro narpona (CM. pHC. 17.1). OClDPOJKHO: He
ocmaBARume nposoqa nogKAlOl.J.el-lUblMU K AaMnoBoMy nampoHy

nOcneAOBaTenbHa~

127

uens

\ I

e'

e'

Puc. 17.1
60Aee 5 cexyuq. 3a_uUjeHHble KOHljbl nposoqoe U AaMna Morym
HarpembcR U o6)Ke% sac. npe)Kge _eM gompOH}'11lbCR go HUX,

gaiime UM ocmblmb.
4.

Orsters're, KaK 6YAeT BeCTI-I ce6H AaMIIa, KorAd BHHTOBOro KOHnatpoaa KacaeTCSI TOAhKO 0ARH npoaoz, OT MHHyca 6a-

TaKTa ee

5.

TapeHKM.
nOBTopHTe Aei\cTBHlI H3 rryaxra 4, rrOAKAIO'IHB K xasme nponoz,
OT nxroca 6aTapeHKH.

Pe3yAblllQmbl
AaMIIa CBeTHTCR: TOAbKO B TOM

fiarapen,

cay-rae, KorAa npOBOAa,

HAyuJ;He OT

KacaIOTCH 060HX BHHTOBbIX KOHTaKTOB AaMnOBOro

narpo-

aa (Ka"'A!>IHrrpOBOA rrOABeAeH K cBoeMy KOHTaKTY).

nO'ieMy7
3AeKTpHtIeCKHH TOK qeCKIUf TOK TeqeT

no

aOTOK 3AeKTpHtleCKHX 3apHAOB. 3AeKTpH-

npOBOAHHKaM.

cOeAHHHlOIU;He AepJK.aTeAb

B HameM CAyt.Iae

6aTapeHKH

:.lTD

rrposoaa.

C MeTaAAHtIeCKHMH qaCTHMH

128

AdMITOBorO narpona, caxa AdMlld H 6aTapeH (yCTpOHCTBO, KOTOpOe
C rrOMO~hIO XHMHtIeCKHX

TOK). Kanax CBH31f,

peaKQHH

BhIpa6aTblBaeT 3A8KTpHtI8CKl1:H

cocrosnnan as npOBOAlIII\Ifl( MaTeplfilAOB, no KO-

TOPbIM T8qeT 3AeKTplf1l8CKHH TOK, Hd3blBaeTCH 3AeKTpMtIeCKOH.

u.eIIhIO. ECAH 3AeKTpHtleCKdH uens nenpepi.maa, oaa Hd3hIBaeTCSl
3dMKHyrOH u;eIIhIO. EClUf >Ke B npoaoznaxax, 05pa3YlOIIJ;HX nens,
eeTb paapsm, raxea uens Ha3bIBdeTCH pa30MKHYToH. ECAH uens,
KdK B HallleM ornrre, COAepJKHTTOAbKO 0AHH rryrs, no KOTOpOMy MO)KeT Teqb 3AeKTpntleCKHH TOK, 3TD nOCAcAOBaTeAbHaH uens.

C

rrosiomsro AdMnbl MQlKHD onpeaexirrr., 5IBMleTCH U;8IIb 3dMKHY-

TOH HJlli

pa30MKHyrOH.

AMr- roro ~JT06bI hdMIIa CB8TlI/\.dCb, 3AeKTpo-

HbI AOhJKHbl ABHraThCH xepea ee 8HTb aaxaxa -

TOHKYJO CITHpaAh-

Ky BHyrpH AaMIIbI. DAaroAapH MaAeHbKHM peasrepasr CnHpdlU>KH
3heKTpoHbI i TeKyrI.J;He no HeM, C 60hhmeft BepOID'HOCTbIO 6YAYT
CTdAKHBaTbC5I C aTOMaMH:. I13-3a 3THX CTOAKHOBeHlui aTOMbI Ha'tfliM

resmeparypa HIITH uossnneerca. Flpn AOCTa
cnxe TOKa RUTb paaorpeuaerca BllAOTh AO caexe-

HdIOT KOAe6aTbCH, H

TOtIHO 60hbIlIOH:
HUH. ECAH

M

ucm, 3aMKHYTa, npouone,

rrOACOeAHReHHblC K 060HM

xotrraxrax AaMI1bI, 3aMbIKalOTC>1 ua IIOAlOCax 6aTapeu, srro rr03BOi\.Sl·
eT 3AeKTpoHaM npoxoarrrs no nena, Ii AaMnd CBeTHTC5L B pd30MKHYTOM uernr 0AHH H3 npoeozoa, BeAyuJ;Hx OT AaMIIhI, OTcoeAMHCH or
fiarapea. B nena CYII\eCTByeT paapsm, If 3AeKTpOHbl He xoryr reus.
ECAH nons paaoxxayra, xasma He ropar.
Barapea BhIpa6aTblBaeT nOCTOBHHIdH TOK (3AeKTpHQeCKHH: TOK,
xcropsni rever B OAHOM nanpaaxcaaa]. CTpeJIKIf na pac, 17.2 rroxa3bIBa1OT, tITO B 3aMKHyroil uena TOK, 0603HaQeHHbIM 6YKBOH e',
ABHJKeTCH OT orpanarexsnoro noxroca 6aTapen xepea AaMIIy K nohOJKllTeAbHOMY IIOMOCY fiarapen,

HOBbie nOAXOAbl

1.

EYAeT hH TeqeHHe TOKa B 06paTHoM nanpanxeaa« B.I\IDITb na
SlpKOCTh CBeQeHH5I

AaMITbI? OOBTopHTe onsrr, nepexxro-ma

npoaoaa aa IIOAlOCax 6dTdpeH.
2a. BYAeT AH

BKAIOqeHae AOITOAHHTeAbHbIX AdMIT B IIOCAeAoBdTeJ\b-

Hoe cOeAHHeHHC BJUUlTb

aa

CBCqeHHe K(lJKAOH AaMllbI? nOBTO-

pare llepBOHa1.liiJU,HbIli OITbIT, Ao6aBHB B QeIIb eure 0ARY AdMny.

Hcrroxsaynre KycaQKH,

l.{To6bI 3al;.JlICTHTb KOHlJ;hI AOIIOAHHTeAb-

HblX npOBOAOB OT H30Mlll,HH.

K

Flpaxpenare 3at,lHrn,eHHhle KOHU,hl

KOHTdKTaM xasmoaoro narpoaa. K Hay'lHoMy cesuraapy: Ha-

Flocnenoearensaas ~enb
xeprare

cxexy

129

3AeKTpOCOeAHHeHllii, TaKYJO KaK na pnc, 17,2,

tITo6bI IIOKd3aTb nOCAeAOBdTeAbHOe coeAHHeHHe ABYX 3AeKTpH'tIeCKHX AdMIT.

YCAO~Hble OOO:;Ha4eHUR

t

e'

ilaMna

t
e:

+

---lL

npo~o()

+

oamapeR

II

mOK

e'

Pac. 17.2

6.

'YTO npoacxoaar, KOfAd

neperopeer DAlIa H3 AdMIT npa nOCAeA0BaTeAhHOM COeAHHeHlm? Ilorrpooyare BhIKPYfIITb "3 narpoHa 0AHY J.f3AaMIl, BXOAHI~HX B uens, (IIpUMellaHUe: xoraa AaMrrd
rreperopaeT, HHTh HaKaAMBdHIUI 06phIBaeTC51. n03TOMY BhlKPY-

'mBaH"e AaMrrhI rrp"BOAHT K TOMY JKe 3epepeKTy, 'ITO " ee rrepe-

ropartne.]
3. KaK IIOBJUfHeT na HpKOCTh AdMIIn'-leK
B C€Th 6aTapeeK?

KOlill'Y:eCTBO BKJUO'LIeHHbIX

Ilonroprrre nepBOI-IaqaAbHhIH

OUbIT. HCIIOAh-

3y" OARY AaMrry" nOACOeAHHIDI rrOCAeAOBaTeAhHO ABe 6aTapeiiKll aa 1,5 B c rrOMOII1hIO rrponona. OTp"1\aTeAhHhIii rrOAlOC 0AHOR 6aTapeH AOAJKeH 6bITb COeAHHeH C IIOAO)KllTeAhHbIM rrOAJQ-

COM APYToii. OCTOPO)l(HO: nOAb3yiimech mOAbXO 6amapeiixaMU Ha 1,5 B. Ilocseqosamessnoe coeguHeHue 60Aee gByx nOAymopaBoMmoBhlX

6arnapeii. UAU

UCnOAb30BaHue

tiamapeii c 60Ab-

mUM HanpRJlKeHUe 150 MA no17.4). npHCOeAHHHTe orpauerexsHbIll uryrr recrepe (06bI4HO 4epHhIii) K MRH)'CY uena, a nOAO>KHTeAhHblii uryn (06bI4HO xpacaua) - K nxrocy ucrnr, KaK noxa3aHO Hd pnc. 17.4. Ha puc. 17.4 noxasaaa TOAhKO 4aCTb IIIKaAbI
recrepa, xoropas HCrrOAb3yeTcH AMI R3MepeHH5I nanpHJKeHIHI
I1 CHAM IIOCTO.RHHoro roxa, ECAH aa AdHHOH nrxaxe He YXd3aKYIl.\aH CHAd, KOTopaH 3aCTaBAJ[eT 3AeKTpOHbI

nena B onsrrax 3TOH rAdBbI, BbIpa6aTbIBaeTCH 6arapeea. Barapes paooraer KaK caoooopaanua nacoc AJI5! 3AeK-

ABHraTbCSI. no

TpOHOB. HarrpSIJKeHMe -

3TO

srepa

BeAl-PIHHbl nOTeHQMdA.bHOH

3HeprHH, KOTOPYJO 6aTape" coooruaer 3AeKTpOHaM B nona.

132

3neKTp~~eCTBO ~ MarHeT~3M

ApyrHMH CAOBaMH, 3TO pa3HOCTb rrOTeHI.\HaAOB no o6e CTOPORbi raAhBaHHQeCKorO 3AeMeHTd.

Hanpaxcenne

H3MepHeTCSI B

BOAbTax (B). Tecrep MOJKeT, B '1aCTHOCTH, BbmOAH5ITb ¢}'HKI.\HIO BOAbTMeTpa. OpHA)'MaMTe orrsrr AA5I H3MepeHH5I nanpa)KeRMS! B

nerm. B uern,

MO}KHO BCTdBlITb BhIK.1UOQaTeAh, QTo6bI

06AertlHTb ee 3dMbIKaHHe Ii pa3MbIKdHHe. I1CIIOAb3yllTe TecTep

A/\5I H3MepeHHH HarrpHJKeHHH B IIOCAeAOBdTeAhHbIX u.eIIHX, KOropsae ynoxaaaxacs B npeAbIA)'llIHx orrsrrax. CAeAyMTe HHCTPYKl(HH no rrpHMeHeHHIO

recrepa,

a TdKJKe TeM yKa3aHlulM, KO-

'ropsre AaHbI B 3TOM KHHre. OCTOPO)l{HO: BOAhmMemp Hi1KorAA He gOAJKeH nogKAlOoambCJl B Ijenb nocAegoBameAbHO;
OR gOAJKeH tiunu. nogcoeguReR napaAAeAbR~. OOCTaBbTe nepeKAlOG:aTeAh ¢YHKll,HH: na recrepe B caxoe HHJKHee nOAOJKeHHe
/VUI H3MepeHHJI HdrrpHJKeHHH nOCT05IHHOrO TOKa. Ha recrepe

aaropa, nanpareep,

3TO nOAOJKeHHC COOTBeTCTBOBa..110 AeAeHIUO

15. 4T06h1 H3MepHTb

nanpaacenae aa

AdMIIe, IIOA,KAlOt.IHTe OT-

pHI.\aTeAbHblii myn TecTepa (06bI'IHO '1epHbIM) K nerra co CTOpoasr MHHyca 6ampeH, a rrOAOJKHTeAbHbIM nryn (06bI'IHO xpacHbIM) - K uena co CTOpOHbI nxroca 6aTapeH (CM. pac. 17.5A).
Hanp5IJKeHHe aa AaHHoii cxexe panao 1,5 BOAbTa. Ha pHcyIIKe

17.56

IIOKa3aHd

cxexa

U;eIUi C rrapdJ\AeAbHbIM nOAKAIOt.IeHHeM

BOAhTMeTpa.

3. KaJKAoe

yCTpOHCTBO, IIoAKlUOQeHHOe B

3AeKTpoHoB.

Hexoropsre

nens, BMUleT

HB rIOTOK

YCTPOI1:cTBa OrpaHHQHBBIOT 3TOT no-

TOK 60AbIIIe, '1eM APYrHe. l\ro6iUI '1aCTb I1enH, 6YAb TO AaMlla
HMf npoaoz, 06AClAae-r TeM HAM KHhIM conpOTHBAeHHCM. Ho cy-

utecrnyior cncuaaxsm.ro yCTpOHC'l'BB, xoropue acnoxssyiorca
AMI c03AaHIHI B

uena

3AeKTpHtICCKOrO COrrpOTIlBAeHJiH, TBKue

ycrpoacraa Ha3bIBalOTClI pe3HCTopaMH (COIIpOTHBAeHH5IMH).
COIIpOTHBAeHHe B CHCTeMe

eM H3Mep51eTC51 B osrax. AMI H3Me-

peHHSI COrrpOTIlBAeHH5I MO/KHO HCrrOAb30BaTh
COrrpOTHBAeHHe B

uenax,

recrep,

OARaKO

0 KOTOphIX rOBOpHAOCb B 3TOH:

rxaae.
re-

ClillllIKOM HH3Koe, l.fI'06bI era MOJKHO 6bIAO TDtIHQ H3MepIITh

CTepOM. MOJKHO, OAHaKO, paCC'IHTaTb COnpOTHBAeIIHe no ¢opMyAe, IlOCKOAbKY

aanpasccnae

H CHAy

roxa

MO/KHO H3MepHTh.

(J)OpMyAa, CB5I3blBalOll\a5I MeJKAY C060M Harrp5IJKeHHe, CHAY TOxa Ii conporaaxeirae, Ha3hIBaeTCfI. 3aKOHOM OMa. 3aKOH OMB
3anHCbIBaeTClICAeAYlOll\HM 06pa30M: V = 1 x R. 3TO osnasaer:
Hanp5IJKeHHe V (B BOAbTax) paBHO npOH3BeAeHHIO TOKa I (B axnepax) rra conpOTHBAeHHe R (B oxex), ECAH rranpazcemre H CH-

nOCJ1eAOBaTeJ1bHa~

lla TOKa H3BeCTHbI.

corrporanxenae

uene

133

BhIqlfCMIeTCSI no C/lBAyIO-

II.\eii ¢OPMYAe:

R = VII

Hanpaxep. eCAHHanp'DKeHHe B nerra paano 1,5 B, a CHAa TOKa
35 MA, conporaaxenne AONKHO paaasrsca
R

=

1,5 B/O,035 A = 42,85 OM

Kr

ac H• ,U

lUYTl...-_--;:=::-

PUC.

17.5A
Puc. 17.56

-,

134

C60p

3neKTpl14eCTBO 11 MarHeTl13M

cjlaKTOB

Barapez

CQCTOHT H3 0AHOrO HAH HeCKOAbKHX raAbBaHUlleCKUX 3Ae-

MeHmOB, COeAHUeHHbrx nOCAeAOBdTeAbHO.

yb xero

CAeAaHbI rd.AJ,-

BdHlil.J:eCKHe 3AeMeHTbI? l..JTO c06011: TeXHHtIeCKH rrpeACTdBAHeT HeTO'-IHHK IInTdHH,SI

xapxensoro

¢onap5I -

fiarapero

IiAll

raxsaana-

qeCKHH 3AeMeHT? KaK faAbBdHHlJeCKHe 3AeMeHThI BbIpa6aTbIBdIOT

B 6aTapee 3AeKTpOABMJKyIl1YJO CMAy? 'ITO raxoe cyxoil: 3AeMeHT?
'IeM}' paaen 3AeKTpM'IeCKMil: IIOTeH~MaA 6aTapeM M B pesyxsrare
xero OR B03HHKaeT? OTBeTbI Hd 3TH sonpocsa HaiiAHre caMB B Y'Ie6HHKax IIO q,H3M,Ke,

1

~---::-_-napaMeAbHaSi uens:
napaMeAbHOe BKAIO~eHHe

flapaJ\AeJ\bHCilJ

nens -

3TO TdKdH 3AeKTPWIeCKd.sI

nerts,

B KOTOpOH

3AeKTpHLIeCKHH TOK MOJKeT rrpOXO~Tb ITO HeCKOAhKHM

rryrsx.

npeRMYJI-I;eCTBO 3dKNQ'lJaeTCH B TOM •. lITO, IIOA06HO BBeAeHHIO AO-

peayxsrare
sepea napex-

nOAHHTeAbHOH nOAOCbl Hd CKOpOCTHOH dBTOCTPdAe, B

xero

no

Hen

AeAbHYIO

MQ)I{eT

rrpOe3JKdTb

60AbIIIe 1pdHCIIOpTd,

nens MOJKeT rrporexars 60AbllIee KOAHtIeCTBO

3AeKTpWle-

CTBd.

B 3TOM onsrre Bb[ "3yq"Te rryrb, rro KOTOpOMy CAeAYJOT 3AeKTpoBhI H3MepMTe CHAY TOKa If aanpasceaae
B uerra If ee OTBeTBAeHHHX, a 3dTeM HCIIOAb3yeTe rroxyxeaasre pe3YAbTdTbI AMI rrOATBepJKAeHHlI 3dKOHa OMa. Bsr noaxere raxsce,
HbI B rrapaAAeAbHOH u;eIIH.

KdK napaAAeAbHO COeAHHHTb raAhBdHWIeCKHe 3AeMeHTbI 6aTapeH Ii
KdK

nepaaxexsaoe COeAHHeHHe

JKeHHe B

3AeMeHTOB BMUleT Hd TOK H

nenpa-

uena.

C '1ero Ha'laTb
L(e,u,: orrpeAeAHTb rryrt, npOXOJKAeH"" 3AeKTp"QeCKOrO roxa B napdIV\.eAbHOH nertrr.
MamepuWlhl
6dTdpeHKd C Hdrrpll",eH"eM 1.5 B
6aTapeHHbIH AepJKdTeAb C IIOAKAIOQeHHbIMH
rrpOBOAdM" (KpdCHblH "QepHblH)

H30AIIpoBaHHbIMH

2 0AHHaKoBbIx AdMIIbI-BCnbIlliKH C U;OKOAeM E-l 0
2 AdMrrOBblX rrerporra C I10KOAeM E·I0
KycaQKH

KyCOK "30AHpOBdIlHoro nponoxa AAHHOH 30 CM

orneprxa AMI

OTKpyqHBdHH5I BHHTOB

lIopRgoK geilC11lBuil
1. nOMeCTHTe 6ampelO B 6aTdpeHllblH Aep"'dTeAb.
2. Bxpyrare AdMllbl B rrarpoau.

136

3. C novomsro xycasex paapexcsre npoaoz, na Nie panmae 'Jacm no
15 CM. 3a'JHCTIITe KOHI1b1 rrposonoa na AMIHY rrpreaepno 1.25 CM.

4.

nOACOeAHHHTe

npoaoaa K

AaMITOBblM

narpouasr.

KaK nOKa3aHO

ua pHC. 18.1.

5.

B03bMHTe npOBOAa, nOACOeAHHeHHble K 6ampeHHoMY AepJKaTeJHO,

aa H30JlliPOBdHHble -tecra H AOTpOHhTeCh HeH30JllipOBdH-

HhIMH KOHIJ;dMH 3TIlX npOBOAoB AD BHHTOB no 06eHM CTOpOHdM

0Alfora 83 AdMIIOBhIX naTpOHOB, KdK nOKd3aHO

aa pac, 18.1.

CpaBHHTe "PKOCTH ooeax AaMn. OCTOPOJKHO: ne gepJKume
nposoqa flO BUflmax 60Aee 5-6 ceKYflg. Fosue npouoqa U AOMllO

Morym CUAbHO narpemscst U 06}/{elf.b BQC. JIepeg meM KaK ux
mpornnu, goiime UM ocmblffib.

PHC. 18.1

Pe3YAblllC1ll1.bl
AaMnbI cBeUITc.SI C OAHHdKOBOH SlPKOCTbIO.

llOqeMy'

onsrre no pa3HbIM nyuerrs Hd3bIBdeTCSI napaxaexsnoa uensso. CTpeA-

3AeK'rpHGeCKHH TOK TeqeT TID AdMIIdM B 3TOM
Tf.lM. TIoAyqeHHillI

137

napannenbHaH uens

KR

aa

3AeKTpR'IeCKOH CXeMe, R306pil)f{eHHOH

aenpaaxeaae ABRJKeHRJI TaKa (e')
ca 6aTapeM sepes AdMnbl H otiparno, K

BalOT

6aTapeR.

B

TO'lKe pa3BeTBAeHRJI

BRHTOB AaMnOBoro

narpona 1)

A

aa

pRC.

18.2, yxassr-

OT OTpRQaTeAbHOrO nOAIOnOAO/KlITeJ\hHOMY

noxsocy

(TaM, rAe HaXOARTCJI OAHH R3

TOK AeARTcJI

aa

ABe '1aCTR

rrepex

TeM, KaK HanpaBHTbCH B AaMIILI. 3aTeM TOK BROSh BOCCOeAHHReTCH

B TO'lKe pa3BeTBAeHRJI

B

npornsonoaoaapaznaercs K nOAO-

(TaM, rAe HaxOAHTCJI BRHT C

AO>KHOii CTOpOHbl AaMlIOBOrO

narpoaa t)

M

noxrocy 6aTdpeR. TOT ljJaKT, 'ITO AaMnbI 0AHllaKOBhI R
ropsr C 0AHHaKOBOH 51pKOCTblO. nOKa3bIBaeT. QTO Qepe3 AdMnbl Texer paanoe KOMltteCTBO 3AeKTpHtIeCTBa.

"'"TeAbHOMY

PRc.18.2

HOBbie nOAXOAbl

L

I13MeHHTC.H AM HpKOCTh J\dJlom, eCAJi coeAHHHTh napaJV\.eAhHO

eaie HeCKOAbKO A.aMTI? nOBTOpHTe QIIbIT C Ao6a:aAeUHeM AdMn.

2.

M3MeHHTcR AM RpKOCTb AaMll, COeAHHeHHbIX rrapdAJ\..eAhHO,
.MI nOCAeAOBdTeAhHO C HHMH coeAliHHTb

eure oMfY AdMuy?

BTOpHTe rrepBOHatIaAbHbIl:{ aUbIT, coeARHRB, KaK H

ec00-

paasnre, ABe

AaMnhI nepexxexsno R Ao6aBRB B uern- TpeTblO AaMny, cOeAHlIeHHYIO nOCAeAOBaTeAbHO, KaK noxaaaao aa pRC.

18.3.

138

3neKTp"QeCTBO " MarHeT"3M

eJr

:2-

e;Lb
PRc.18.3

ell

n:~

!t~ Ue/
3

+

J

e/

nplllAyMa'he aaui C06CTBeHHblH onblT
1. AOAJKHbI All AaMllbI B lIapaNlehhHOH uerra 6bITb reoxrerpauecxa
lIapaNlehhHbI APYT APyry IlAIf AOCTaTO'lHO COeAlfHIfTb IiX rax,
4T06b1 3J1.eKTPOHblIlPOXOAlfAllpa3Jl.ll4HblMIf lIyrllMIf OT OTpI1~a­
TehhHoro 1I0Jl.lOca K nOJl.O)f(lfTehhHOMY noxrocy 6aTapelf? IlpaAYMaHTe If cooepare pa3Al14Hble 3J1.eKTp1f4eCKlfe cxexu, 110Ao6Hble TOH, 4TO 1f306pa)f(eHa aa pac, 18.4. B Ka*AYIO nens
BKJI.I04lfTe Jl.aMllbl If 6aTapeIO. BHIfMaTehhHo IIpOCJl.eAlfTe se IIpKOCThlO AaMI1 r KOTopaH COOTHOCHTCH C CRAOK TOKa,

PRc.18.4

139

napannenbHaH uens

2a. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM OMd. CY1"1MapHblH TOK B napawexsHOM nernr [L] ecn, cYMMa roxoe B OTBeTBAeHiHIX nona. CKOHCTPYHPyHrC I1Cnb C napaJlACAbHblM c,oeAHHCm{CM N3YX HJW. 60ACC
AaMn H nOATBCPAJITC COOTHOmCHHC It = I, + 12 + IN AI'" napaxAeAbHOrO COCAHHeHHlI. B 3Toa cjlopM)'Ae I, - cYMMapHbla TOK,
I, - TOK, TCKyulHa B xaxne I. 12 - TOK, rexymaa B AaMnC 2, a
IN asrpascaer c060a CYMMy TOKOB B OCTaAhHblX AaMnaX nepaxAeA!>HorO coeAHHcHHlI, T,C. h I. H T. A. I13MCPbTe CHAy TOKOB C
noxounao TccTcpa (CM. rAdBY 17).
6. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM OMa rrenpsxcenae aa KaJKAOH J\.aM~
fie B rrapahAeAhHOM coeAHHeUHH paSHO 06m;eMy HarrpH)KeHHIO
ucna. Hcnoxssyrrre uern, H3 rrpeAblAyulcro onsrre H C nOMOunao recrepa rroATBcPAHTC 3TO yTBCPJKAeHHc.

3.

Ilpa

nOCAeAOBdTeAbHOM coeAHHeHHH raAbBaHHQeCKHe 3Ae-

MCHTbI fiarapen COCAHHCHbI TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO aHOA (nOAO:>KHTeAbHhIH IIOAIOC) 0AHoro .3AeMeHTa coeAMHeH C Kal'0AOM

(OTpHl1aTCAbHblM rrOAIOCOM) APyroro 3ACMCHTa. B rrapaMCAbHOM COeAHHeHHH rrOAo6Hble UOAIDed coeAHHHIOTCH Apyr c
ApyrOM, aHOA C aHOAOM H KaTOA C KaTOAOM. Ha pHC. 18.5 noxa3dHbI ABC 6aTapCH, COeAHHeHHbIe IIOCACAOBdTCAhHO, H ABe 6aTapCH, coeAHHCliHblC rrapaJIACAbHO. DpHAyMaaTc orrsrr AAlI
onpexexenaa BAHHH~'lSI napaaxexsnoro coeAHHeHHH 6aTapeI:i

aa

TOK H

nanpaxcenae

B u;eIIH. CoeAHHHTe

rrepaxxexsao

ABe

6ampeH H C06CPHTC nem-. B KOTOPYlO tlYAYT BXOAHTb 3TH 6aTape", xasme H BblKAIO'IaTCAb. OCTOPO)l(HO: ucnoAb3yiimc
mOAbKO 6amapciiKU C HanpRJKeHUeM 1,5 B, Ilocseqonamesunoe
coeguHeHue 60Ace gByX 6amapeii C HanpRJKCHUeM 1,5 B UAU
UCnOAb30BGHUe tiamapeii c 60AbWUM HanpRJKeHUeM MOJKem
npuBecmu K neperopaHulO AQMllbl UK onacHoMy B03pacmaRUlO
CUAbl mOKa.

C60p KeT npaxo aa Hero. ECJIH
3TO ceaepasra KOHeq CTPeJ\KH, CAei\aHTe OTMeTKY 5 Hd COOTBeTCTB)'lOlI\eii "aCTH MarRHTHKa. Ilepesepaare MarHHTllK Ii CAeAallTe
OTMeTKY N aa ooparaoa ero CTopOHe. ECJIH >Ke B CTOpOHY MarRH'J'HKa tranpaaaea IOJKHbIH KOHen; CTpeJ\KH KOMrraca, 0603HaQbTe N
Hd 3TOH: sepxyunce MdrHlITa H S Hd npoTIiBOnOAO:>KHOM era cropoHO CTpeAKe KOMnaca. Me,MeHHO ABHraHTe MarHHTHK no

AeHHIO K

He. nOBTOpHTe
4.

3TY npOI1eAYPY AM OCTaJlbHbIX MarHllTOB.

aa ABe BHeIllHHe
xaproaa, TaK, tITo6bI cenepnoxioca IN) cstorpexa BHH3. CKOT'IeM npaxpenrrre Mar-

IToAOJKHTe ABa

aa

Tpex MarHHTHKOB IIl\.dllIMSI

AllI~]1R. npo-repxenmae Hd nOAOCKe

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1/ nOAQeKKeHHeM

3AeKTplf'leCKHX aapzaoa. Bce llBMHH>!, IIpOHCXOAl!II1lfe B MarHIITHOM

noxe,

OTHOCSlTC.H K TaR Hd3hIBaeMbIM MarHHTHLlM S1BAeHHSlM.

MarHIITllK A ABHJKeTCll BAOAb AHHHH Ha 6YMare 6AarOAapll ClfAe OTTaA,KHBdHHH MeJKAY HRM H MarnHTdMH r npHXpellAeHHhIMH K IIOAOC-

xe xaproaa. KdJKAbIH MarHHT HMeeT ABa oTAeAbHOpaCIIOAOJKeHHbIX
MarHHTlIblX no..\ Ioca (06AaCTb xa MarHHTe, rAe Harrp"JKeHHOCTbMarHHTHOro nOMl MaKCHMaAbHa). 3m IIOAlOca Ha3b1BaIOTCll ceBeplIhlM
If IOJKHbIM MarHIITHbIM IIOAIOCOM, B03Ae Cesepaoro noxsoce 3eMJUi
(caMall ceaepaaa reorpediaxecxes TO'lKa aa 3eMAe) pecnoxeraerca
MeCTO, xoropoe Ha3bIBaeTClllO)I(HLlM MarHHTHLlM nOAIOCOM 3eMJUi.
VlMeHHo 'r'fAa yKa3bIBaeT ceBepHhlH KOHeI1 cTpeAKH KOMIIaca, If BOo6II1e AI060H ceBepHhlH IIOAlOC cB06oAHO nOABeweHHoro MarallTa.
IOJKHbIH KOHeI1 CTpeAKHKOMIIaca yKa3bIBaeT ae ceBepHLlH MaraHTHLIH IIOAIOC 3eMJUi, KOTOpbIH HaxOAHTCll B03Ae IO)I(HOro IIOAlOca
3eMAH (caMalllO)I(Hali reorpaqnorecxas TO'lKa 3eMAll).

aJ1eKTpH~eCTBo

144

Pa3HhIe nOAFOCa

H MarHeTH3M

ASYX MarRIITOB

rrpHTHTHsaIOTCSI, a OAHHaKO-

asre nOAIOca OTTaAKHBdEOT APyr APyra. Bee Mdrnl1TbI B naurex
onsrre paCrrOAOJKeHbI TaK, qTO 0AHHdKOBbIe nOAIDed 06paI.I..\eHhI
APyr K APYry. Marmrraxa, npaxpenxenmae K nOAOCKe xaprona,
c03AalOT HeKYIO ABH"'Yl.I.\YIO CHAY, AeiicTBYIOl.I.\YIO aa MarHHT A H
3aCTdSMlIOIIl,Yro era OToABHTaTbcH. ABH)KeHHe MarHHTd
XOAHT BAOAb

yrox,

nerrrpaxsuoa

A nponc-

AHHHH, KOTopaH AeAHT Hd ABe qaCTH

06pa:JOBaHHbIH AHHH5IMH, npOBeAeHHbIMH K MarHHTHKaM

Ha xap-rotrxe. ABH"'Yl.I.\a>l CllAa -

pe3YAhTaT AeiicTBll>l OTTaAKHnanpasxemnax OT AByx
MarHHTHKoB nOA yrAaMH K MarHHT)' A. Cxaxxoofipaanoe ABH"'eBRe MdfHHTd A 06'bHCHHeTcSI CHhdMH TpeHHH MeJKAY MarHHTQM It
GYMaroii. ABH"'Yl.I.\a>l CHAa A0A>KHa GbITh AOCTamQHO GOAhUIOii,

noxs

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npeonoxers rpemre

M MdrHHT

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llJdIOTCH, ABH)KyJ.n;aH CHAa

aoapacraer

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I. EYAeT AH BAH>lTh (H eCAH GYAeT, TO KaK) na nanpaaaeaae ABH)KeHH5I MarHHTa yrox MeJKAY CHAaMM OTIaAKMBaHMfI. I, If I2 ?
nOBTopHTe OITbIT
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ABaJKAbI. Bnaxaxe ysreasurare yrAhI

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5 eM.

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paAbHhIMM H ABYM5I 60KOBbIMH AHHH:51MH MeHbilie
YBeAHQbTe yrJ\bI npHAOJKeHIHI CHA,

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Me>KAY u;eHTpaAbHbIMH H 60KOBbIMH J\HHH5IMH CAeAaftTe 60Ab-

UIe 5 CM.
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HHe ne..r Uf.lII1HbI AlUfJKyrn;eii CI1J\.bI? OOBTOpHTe nepBOHaqaAhHbIH
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OpH 3TOM HX pa3HOHMeHHbIe IIOAlOca rrycrs
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MarHIHHoe none: nnoutaas np£.1ll0lKeH£.1H C£.1llbl

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cpaamrn, HarrpH}KeHHOCTH MdfHHTHbIX nOAen.

MO>KHO,

nanpaxep, uocrynrrn, CAeAYJOU\llM 06pa30M. DOAO"'llTe KOMnae

rra AepeBJIHHbIH eTDA.

AOJKAlITeCb, KOfAd CTpeAKa

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yCIIOKOHTCH, paCrrOAOJKHBIIIHCb BAOAb MdrHlITHbIX CIiAQBb!X
Zilui Mdf11HTHOro

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npHA~aHTe DIIhIT, KOTOpbIH nOKd3aA 6hI, KdK BAHReT ira
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nanoxa paccroaaae 01' MdrnHTa. MOJK-

HO rrocryrrars cAeAYIOll\HM o6pa30M. Ha AllCTe 6eAoi'l 6YMam
HaqepTHTe ABe nepnenzorxyxapnsre AHHllM, npoxozmnao xepea
ueirrp AHCTa. 0603HaQbTe 3TH AHHMll 6YKBaMll N H 5, E II W,
KdK IIOKd3dHO Hd pRC. 19.2.C UOMOI.IJ;hIO JlliUeHKH OTMeThTe Hd 6y~
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CdHTRMeTpOBhle AeAeHIUI BIlAOTh AD

HdtIl1I1dH 01' KO).1IIaca KaK 01' HYAeBOH OTMeTKH.

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12 CM,

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AHHMH. OOBepHI1Te KOMndC TdKHM

06pa30M, QT06b1 TOQKa cenepa N COBnaAa C AHHMei'l N Ha 6YMareo Floxoxorro OAllH ll3 MarHllTHKOBC0603HaQeHMlIMll N M 5 (A)
B caMQM KOHlIe AHHllll N CTOpOHOi'l 5 xsepxy, ABHrame MarHMTHK rro HarrpaBAeHHID K KOMrracy AO rex nop, noxa cesepasni
KOHen; CTpeAKH

xosmaca

He )'KdJKeT Hd MdI1IHTI1K, HaxOAJICh

npa 3TOM Hd AHHHH N. BTOpOH MdrHHTHK C 0603HaQeHriH!>fH N
H 5 (B), aanpszceaaocn, noxa xoroporo TaKM xce, KaK II y nepaoro, nOAOJKllTe CTOpOHOi'l 5 xsepxy B xoaue AHHllM W.

146

3neKTpl1yeCTBO 11 MarHeTl13M

PUC. 19.2
HeCKOJlbKO pas nepeasmn.re MarHliTHK B rro aanpaaaenaro
K xoxrrecy, Ka;KAbIl1 paa aa 1 eM. 3anHIIIHTe OTK/l.OHeHI1JI CTpeA·
KH KOMrraca OT aanpaaxeaaa na cesep, xoropsre 6YAYT npa
3TOM rrpOHCXOAliTb, B Ta6J1Hl1Y 19.1. BoCrr0Jlb30BaBllIHCb 3aBIiCHMOCTbIO Me>KAY paccroaaaex Ii YTJlOM OTKJlOHeHHlI, noayxea-

onsrre, onpesexare 3aBHCHMOCTb HanpsDKeHHocTH
xaraaraoro noxa OT paccrosnas.

HOll B 3TOM

TatinHQa 19.1 napaMeTpbl MarHHTHoro nonA
Yron OTKnOHeHHA, •
PaCCToAHHe AO KOMnaca, CM

1
2
3
4
5
12
3. npliAYMallTe cnocoo, c nosroursro xoroporo MOJKHO 6bIJlO 6bI
IIOKa3aTb, liTO xarnarasre nOM! paaaaxnsrx MafHIITOB nepeKpbIBalOTClI. MOJKHO, aerrpaxep. rroCTYIIHTb cJleAYlOll1l1M o6pa30M, nOAOJKHTe nAalUMH

aa CTOA xersrpe 0AHHaKOBbIX MarHHTa

B03J1e JlHHeHKII TaK, '1To6bI HX ceaepnsre no.coca 6bIJIH o6pall1eHbI asepx. C rroxomsto CKOT'la npaxpenare K CTOJlY MarHIIT,

147

MarHIUHoe none: nnouians np"nOJKeHlIlll C>1nbl

pac.
APyry aa MaKCHMaJlbHO
B03MQ.JKHOe paccroanae. CpaBHlITe paccroaaaa MeJKAY MamHTaMH H 06bllcHHTe, KaKHM o6pa30M ne paaaauy B paccrosaasx
d,. d:2 H d3 BAMHIOT nepexpsraaromaecs MarHHTHWe nOM l£eTbIpex MdrHHTOB. OG'b5ICHlITe TaJOKe, IIOlleMY CllJ\.d I, 6oAhwe, l£eM
CHJ\bI 12 H 13 , AeHCTBYJOII\He MeJKAY MarHHTaMH.
HaXOMlI..qHHCSI OKOAO HYAeBoH OT:M:eTKU AHHeHKH (eM.

19.3).

nOAOABHHbTe MarHHTbI APyr K

PHc.19.3

C60p eppoMamemu3M -

3TO CBOHCTBO

nexoropux

BelI\eCTB, sa-

KAIOqalOrn;eeCH B TOM, lITO OHM CMAhIIQ rrpHTKfHBdJOTC5I K MarHl:ITaM. KaK ABIUKeHHe 3AeKTpOHOB

npnnozurr

K BQ3HHKHOBeHIUO

q,eppOMarneTH3Ma? '-ITO raxoe AOMeH? OrBeTbI Ha 3TH
ChI

nonpoeyare HaHTH caMH B )"le6HHKax no q,H3HKe.

norrpo-

3AeKTpOMarHenf3M:
MarHenl3M H3 3AeKTpH'IeCTBa

B 1820 r, AaTcKHll K1ITB HX B TaKOMnOAO>KeHHH npanepHO 1 ceK)'HAY. OrMen,TB, KaK 6YABTBeCTH ce611 crpexxa xoxnaca
H n KaKOM aenpaaxenaa 6YABT nOKa3b1BaTb ee ceBepHblH KOHeQ.
OCTOPO)I{HO: gepxwme tiposoq cmporo 3a U30AupoBOHHble

}"IacmKu, UHaoe Bac MOJKem ygapuJnb mOKOM. ECAU Bb! 6ygeme
ygepJKUBOJnb nposoq npucoeguneHllblM K nOAlOCOJlI 6amapeiiKu
60Aee 3 ceJl U 06JKe'lb BaM PYKU.

PeSYAhlllCUllhl
ECAH BbI nOAOJKHAH 6aTapeHKY aa BOCTOK OT KOMnaca OTpHQaTBAb-

na IOf, ceaepnsni KOHeQ. C'rpeAKH KOMnaca OTKAOHHTcsoero 06hItIHOro rrOAOJKeHHSI no HanpaBAeHHIO K BOCTOKy.

HhIM nOJUOCOM
CSI OT

IIO'leMyl

Hanpaaseaae TOKa B npOBOAHHKe coorsercrayer HanpaBAeHHIO OT
OTpHQaTeAbHOrO no.ooca 6aTapeH K nOAOJKHTeAbHoMy. 3AeKTpH~e­

none soxpyr npoaonc iora na ceaep, MarHHTHOe TIOhe, c03AaHHoe
HIDKe npOBOAHHKa, nenpaaxeao na BQCTOK. n03TOMY ceBepHhIH
KOHe4 CTpeAKH KOMrraca OTK.l\.OHHeTCSI aa BOCTOK. B3aHMocBSl3b
CKUH TOX B IIpOBo.~HHKe C03AaeT ManmTHOe
HHKa. ECAH TOK TeqeT

MeJKAY MafHHTHblM nOheM H 3AeKTpHlIeCKHM TOKOM Hd3bIBaeTCH
HBAeHHeM 3AeKTpoMarueTu3Ma.

HOBbie nOAXOAbI

I.

'lro lIpOIf30HABT, ecAH nepecraaars ooTapelO na npOTHBOnOJlO>K-

JIYIO cropoay l\HCTa, TdK 'lTo6w OHa OKd3aAdCb na

3dJIaAe OT KOM-

naca? Flyers OTpIfl\aTeAbHblH 1I0JllOC ooTapeH no-npeaoreay 6yAffl' oopauieaua ror, DOBToplITe nyHKT 8 rrepaoxavaxsaoro onsrra.
2.

KaK GYAff OTKJ\.OIDIThCSI: CTpeAKd KOMndCd, eCAH JIOMeHRTb

ua-

rrpaaxenae pacnpocrpenenaa TOKa 1I0 npOBOAHHKy? DOBepHIITB

fiarapeio Hd 180°, TaK QTo6b1 ee JIOJ\lOCd nOMeHMHCb MeCTdMH.
nplllAyMaiiiTe aaui C06CTBeHHbliii onblT

I. Boxpyr npassoro npOBOAHHKa

noxe

C TOKOM ofipaayerca MarHHTHOe

C CHAOBbIMlf J\.HHHHMH. oKpy>KdlOm;HMH 3TOT rrpOBOAHHK.

151

3neKTpOMarHeT113M: MarHeTI13M 113 3neKTpl1yecTBa

0pliAyMaiiTe cnocoe, C nOMOII1blO KOTOPOro MOJKHO 6bIAO 6b1
IIoKa3aTb, tITO MarHHTHOe IlOAe

aanpaaxeao

no

Kpyry

POM B TOM MeCTe, rAe npoxozrrr rrpoaoz, C TOKOM.

c U;eHT-

/MJI

3TOro

aerrpaxep. cpaBHHTb aanpaaxeaae MarHHTHoro noxa
asnne Ii HHJKe nponoanaxe B paccxorpeaaosr onsrre. DpHAYMd}lTe, KdK IIOAIUlTb KOMrrdC HClA CTOAOM H paCIIOAOJKHTb npoMO)KHO,

BOA !IDA KOMIIdCOM. MOJKHO CKOHCTpynPOBdTh AJUI KOMIIdca He'ITO BpOAe AepJKaTeAlI, nOAorH}'B xpas KaTaAOJKHOif KapTOQKH.

2.

xepexrepaaoaa'n, C IIOMOI..qblO Bo06xoropsre Hd3bIBdIDTCSI MafHuTHblMH CHAOMamarnsre cnxoasre ARRHH YKd3bIBdIOT aa-

MarHHTHoe IIOAC IIpMHHTO

pascaexr.rx

hHH11J1,

BLIMlt J\.UHUSlMH.

rrpaaxanae H BeAH'IHHY noxa. OPliAyMaifTe cnoco6, C nOMOII1blO

xoroporo MO>KHO noxaaars. KdK paCIIOAaralOTCSI MarHHTHhle CH~
AOBble AHHHH BOKPyr MarnHTa.

/MJI

BCTdBHTb KyCOK H30AllpOBaHHOrO

xasecrne TdKOBoro

MOIKHO B351Tb

sroro MOJKHO, HanpHMep,

rrpoaona B
xpsnnxy OT

B
xap-

AHCT KapTOHd.
He6oJ\.hIlIOM:

TOHHOif Kop06KH. Boxpyr npOBOAa pacnsixare aa KapTOHe TOHcxoex JKeAe3HWe OUI1J\KH TaK, qTo5w OHH AerJUf ITO Kpyry
AHaMeTPOM nprorepao 10 CM. KOHI1bl npOBOAa COeAHHHTe C nolUOcaMH IIoAyropaBOAbTOBOH 6aTapeHKH. BM YBHAI1Te, -rro BOKpyr npOBOAa Ha KapTOHKe 06pa3ylOTcH KOHI1eHTpH'IeCKHe
xpyra (xpyra C 06II1HM l\eHTpOM). OOBepHYB 6aTapeIO aa 180°,
B pesyxsrare '1ero xenpaaxeaae TOKa H3MeHHTCH aa nporasonOAOJKHOe, nOBTopHTe npOl\eAYPY.
3AeKTpoMarHliT - 3TO ycrpoacrso, B KOTOpOM AAlI Bblpa60TKH
KOHI1eHTpHpOBaHHoro MarnHTHOrO nOAA liCnOAb3yeTCH 3AeKTpHQecKHif TOK, 3AeKTPOMarnHT COCTOHT aa COAeHOHAa (MOTKa npoBOAOKH, no xoropoa MOJKeT nporesars TOK), BHY"PH xoroporo aaKHM

3.

XOAHTCSl CepAeQHHK, CAeAaHHhu1: 113

aentecrse

C MarHHTHhIMH

CBOi'tCTB&'lli, aanpasrep, JKeAe:>a. 00 npOBOAHHKy COAeHOliAa reQeT TOK, B

peayxsrere xero B03HHKaeT MarHIITHOe IIMe,

KOTOpoe

HaMarHH'IHBaeT (npaaaer BeII1eCTBY csoacraa MamHTa) JKeAe3Hblif CepAe'lHHK. OpliAyMaiITe onsrr AAlI onpeAeAeHlliI nOJlJlpHOCTH (B3aHMHoro pacrroxozceaaa MarHHTHblX nOAlOCOB) 3AeKTpoMarHHTa, /MJI 3TOro MOJKHO nocTYTIIITb CAeAYJOII1HM 06pa30M, HaMOTa>rre KyCOKH30AHpOBaHHOro npcsoaa AAHHoif 90 CMaa AAHHHblif rn03Ab (CM, pHC. 20.2). C 0601iX KOHI\OB OCTaBbTe CB060AHbIMH npaxepao no 10 CMnpoaoaa. C nOMOII1blO HOJKa 3a'lHCTHTe no
2,5 CM H30AllI1HH Ha KaJKAOM KOHl\e npoaoaa. 0YCTb CTpeAKaKOMnaca copaearapyerca no MarnHTHblM CHAOBblM AHHHHM MarHHT-

152

3J1eKTpl1yeCTBO 11 MarHeTI13M

. ';

",..
.',

':~'~":.~':

. ::
. . :':
.;.'.::.:.:

PHc.20.2
Hom nOMl3eMAH H ycnOKOHTClI. DOMeCTIITe 6aTapelO CaanpasceHHeM 1,5 B B 6aTdpeihu,D, Aep>KaTeJlh. CKPYTHTe BMeCTe OAHH H3
3aqJfru;eHHbIX KOHIJ;OB nponona COAeHOHACl If CBo60AHbIH or H30Mll.\HH KOHeq rrpoaoaa OT 6aTapeHHom Aep>KaTeMl. YCTaHOBHTe
311eKTPOMarHlIT TaK. t.rI'06bI

ocrpsnr

KOH'lHK rn03M1 HaxOAHACH

PHAOM, HO He KaCaACH 3aIIa.¥IOH: qaCTII KOMIIaca.

B :nOM IIOAOJKe-

HHH AOTPOHbTeCb CBo60AHblM KOHqOM nponoaa COAeHO\1Aa AO
CBo6oAHom KOHqa nposona OTOaTdpeH H nOAep>KHTe !IX COBAHHeHHbIMH npHMepHo 1 ceKYHAY. 3aMeThTe aarrpanaenae, B KOTOpOM OTKAOHHAaCb cTPeAKa xosmeca, ECAH 0CTPHe rB03M!, nanpaasennoe B CTOPOHY xoxnace, 6YAeT nparsraaars ceaepnsra

xosmeca, 3Ha'tIlIT, na OCTpHe HaxOAHTCH IOJKHbIH
noxioc 3AeKTpOManrn:Td. ECAlI JKe cenepnsra KOHen; crpexxa KOM~
naca OTIaAKHBaeTCH OT rno3AH'. 3HaQHT, Hd ocrpae rB03M1 naxoKOHen; CTPeAKH

AHTClI cesepnsra noxroc 3AeKTPoMarnHTa. DOMeHlIifTe rroxspHOCTb 6aTapeH H rrOBTOpHTe npouezypy onsrra,

3I1eKTpOMarHeT~3M: MarHeT~3M ~3 3I1eKTp~YeCTBa

4.

KaK Hanp5.1JKeHHOCTb MarHHTHOrO
BHTKOB

MaRTe

153

IIO/UI 3dBHCHT QT KOl\.WIeCTSa

nposoxoxa na COAeHOllAe 3AeKTpOMarHHTa? OPHAYOIIbIT AMI onpezexenaa HanpHJKeHHOCTH MdrHHTHora

nOM! 3AeKTpOMarHHTd.

pOMarHHT H3

HaMOTallO

/J..MJ-

3TQra MOJKHO HCn0Ah30BdTb 3AeKT-

ITpeAbIA~erOOITbITd

90 CM

npoaoaa.

C COAeHOHAOM, Hd KOTOpOM

Cofieptrre nens,

cOCTO,nI\YJO H3 3AeKT-

pOMarHHTd, IIoAyropaBOAbTOBOH 6aTapeH THIId

AepJKdTeAe H

BhIKAJOQaTeJUl.

D B 6aTapeHHoM

3AeKTpoMarHHT

npaxpernrre

xparo AepemIHHoro CTOAd, KdK nOKd3dHO aa pac.
20.3. Ilparoronsre MeTdAAHqeCKHe cxpenxa. C HX nOMOII\hIO
BbI 6YAeTe ouemraars HdrrpHJKeHHOCTb MdrHHTHorO 110M 3AeKTpOMarHHTa. Pa30rHHTe OAHy cxpenxy, QTo6b1 IIOAyqHAC>I
KpIOK. Ha 3TOT KpIOK BbI 6YAeTe rrOABenHmdTb APyrHe cxpenxn,
3aMKHwre BhlKAIOQaTeAb 3AeKTpIIQeCKOH uena M AOTpoHbTeCb
CKOTtIeM K

3TOH CKpeIIKoH-KproQKOM AD OCTpIUI fB03NI. nOCTeIIeHHo
IlIaHTe

na

KpIOK

no OAHOH CKpeIIKe AD rex nop,

IIOKd

ne-

sec xproxa

co CKpeUKdMH He CTaHeT 60AbIlIe CHAbI 3AeKTpOMarHHTHOrO
rrpHTRJKeHHR H BCR

sra KOHCTPYK~HR He ynaser.

PUC.

20.3

3aTeM rrOBTO-

154

3neKTp~YeCTBO ~ MarHem3M

pare

OUbIT C COAeHOHAOM, Hd KOTOpOM HdMOTdHO B ABa

pase

6oJ\hIIle nponoaa (180 CM). DOCKOJ\hKY HOBhlH npOBOA B ABa pa3d AAHHHee, HaMaTbIBaHTe era
eAOH

sa cxoex,

aa

fB03Ah KdK MOJKHO IlAOTHee,

H HOBhIl1: C.hOU HaqHHdHTe HdMaTbIBaTb C

laKTOB

TeAeBH3:HOHHhIe H306paJKeHHH B03HHKdlOT B

peayxsrare roro,

qTO ThlCHqH 3AeKTpoHoB 6oM6apAHPY1OT 3KpaH TeAeBH30pa
(KHHecKon). Kaxoe BAHHHHe OKa3bIBalOT 3AeKTpOMarHHThI aa

nanpaaxeaae ABHJKeHIHI 3AeKTpoHoB 1
2. Cytnecrayer HAeHc03AaHHlI 3AeKTponoe3AoB MAGLEV Ha MarHHTHOH nozyurxe (MAGLEV - «magnetically levitated», 6)'KB.
«C xermmroa AeBHTa/1Heii»). t.IeM noeaaa MAGLEV OTAHqaIOTCH QT 06bIQHbIX IIoe3AoB?

3.

AM

roro QTo6h1 onpeAeAHTh aenpasxenae CHAhI, AeHCTBYIO-

llJ,eft

na

3AeKTpMQeCKHH TOK HAH IIOTQK ABI1JK~HXCH qaCTHIJ; B

MarHHTHOM IIOAe, HCIIOAh3yeTcH
BHAD IIpHMeIDIeTCH TdlOKe

npanaxo AeBou pyxu,

3TO

npa-

MH orrpeAeAeHHH nanpaaaeaas Mar-

HIITHorD nOAH, C03AdBaeMoro 3AeKTpHQeCKHM TOKOM B IIpHMOAHHeMHOM

npoaozoraxe

HI'tH B COAeHOHAe.

npaBHAO AeBOM PyKH? 4eM OTAH1.IaeTC5I

npaaaxa rtpaaon pyKH?

OTBeThI

B yqe6HHKax no q,1I3HKe.

na 3TH

B qeM

3dKJU01.IaeTCH

npanaxo AeBoH PYKH OT
eonpocsr HaMAHTe CdMH

I 4ACTb IV I
. TenAO

TenAonpOBOAHOCTb:
nepeHOC3HepnoiH KOAe6aHHH

TeIlAOBa>I saepras TeAa OpeACTaBAJleT C060H CYMMapH)'IO KHHeTIl'IeCKyYO H OOTeHI\HdAhH)'IO 3HepI'HlO acex '1aCTHI\, BXOAllll\HX B cocran
3TOro rexa, Bce '1aCTHI\hI rexa yqdCTBYJOT B TeX HAn HHhIX CAyqaHHhIX
ABIDKeHIDlX. qeM 6hICTpee ABIDKyTCli 'ldCTH!1hI, TeM 60llhllIe resmeperype BelI1eCTBd, H3 KOTOpOro COCTOHT TeAO. 06hI'1HO rosopsr, 'ITO ropgtlHe

rexa

renxa. qeM XOAOAHble.
necsxa YCAOBHO xapax-

06.r\aAaIOT 60AbllIHM KOAW-IeCTBOM

OAHaKO WpMHH «KOAWIeCTBO TeIIAa» qaCTO

TepH3yeT TeAO. C cjJH3H'1eCKOH m'IKH 3peHM sa TeMoeparypy rexa
OTBetIdeT He KOAH'!eCTBO TeIIAa, a TeIIAOBaH

ouepraa. Koxaxecmo

renxa - aro nepenoc TeIlAOBOHaaepraa OT0AlIOI'o TeAa K APyroMY B
pesyxsrare cYlI1ecTByYOlI1eH Me>KAY HHMH pa3HHI\hI rexneparyp,
Flponecc OepeAd'lH TeOlla OT OAHOH '1dCTH!1bl K APyroH BCAeACTBHe
cToAlCHoBeHHH Me~y qaCTIII..\dMH Hd3bIBdeTCH TeIlAOnpoBOAJ:IOCThIO.

B nOM OIIhITe BbI orrpeAeAHTe, xaxoe BA!:UIHHe Hd TeIIAOrrpOBOAnonepesnoro ceqeRHa H resrrreperype: KaK TerrAOnpOBOAHOCTh 3aBHCHT or THIld neHaCTh OKa3bIBdlOT paCCTOHHHe, BpeMH, IlAOIIJ;dAb

lI1eCTBa. BhI CpaBHHTe 3cjJcjJeKTHBHOCTb pa3AH'IHhIX TeIlAOH30AHPYIOll\HX MdTepHaAOB.

C 'lerO Ha'laTb
lle.u.: OOpeAeAHTb BAHllHHe paccrosmsa aa TeIIll.OOpOBOAHOCTb.
MamepuQAhl
KyCOK IlAaCTHAHHa pa3MepOM C AHMOH
OAH~

MdAeHbKa5l

MeTdJV\.I{t{eCKHH

cne-rxa /i,Mf. rrpa3AHHtIHOrO napora
rrpornnetn,

1 MdAeHbKall cxpenxa Ahll 6YMaI'

xapxep
hHHeHKd
MapI'apHH
AHCT dAlOMHHHeBoH cjJOAbI'H pa3MepoM 45 x 75 CM
CKO'J'll

xyxonnsre CIIHtIKH

TennonpOBOAHOCTb: nepesoc 3Hepn"" KOlle6aH~~

157

JIOPJlgOK geiicDlBuii
I. C rrOMOII\blO He6oAbillOrO (paaxepoxr c nauorpeanayl xycosxa

2.

IIAaCTlIAJIHd aaxpenare CBe1.JKY ne rrpoTHBHe,' KdK IIOKd3dHO na
pllc.21.1.
Pa30rHlITe cxpenxy, qTo6bI npenpertrrr- ee B MeTaN\lIqecK)'l0

npoaoxoxxy. CAeAdHTe ee KdK MOJKHO 60Aee npaeroii.
3. C nOMO~blO MapKepa If AMHeMKH CAeAaHTe QTMeTKH ne nponohOQKe Hd paccToHHIUIX 2 ex, 4 eM If 6 eM, CqH:TdH OT 0AHoro xaKoro-J\.H60 KOHqa.

4. yb OCTdBIllerOCH KyCKd ITAdCTHAHHCl cAE~J\.aH:Te IJ;llAHHAPHK BbIcoroa IIpHMepHo 7,5 eM H npnxpernrre era K rrpOTHBHIO na pacCTOHHHH. pas HOM AAHHe BallieH rr:p0BOAO'tlKH. BbICOTd nxacrMaCCOBoro IJ;HAHHAPHKd AOAJKHd 6bITb TdKOH, 1.JTo6bI npOBOAOqKd, BOTKHYTdH 0AlUfM KOHlI,OM B

era

paJ\.JI.eAbHd IIOBepXHOCTII CTOAd Ii

BepXHlOlO

xacrs,

6hIAd

na-

ApyrHM KOHIJ;OM HdXOAHAdCb

BbIIlIe epHTHAH CBeQKH (3TOT KOHen; npOBOA01.JKH AOAJKeH OKd3dTbCH B

5.

aepxaeii

qaCTH IIAaMeHH

rrpa

3aXOKeHHOM qUITH.l\-e,

KaK rrOKa3aHO na pnc. 21.1).
Cxemrre 1I3 MaprapliHa urapaxa AlIaMeTpOM rrpasrepao 1,25 CM
H HaCaAHTe HX na npOBOAOl::lKy B OTMeqeHHbIe MeCTa.

6.

CAOJKlITe AHCT aAIOM1UIHeB0J1 epOAbrH IIOnOAaM H CAeAaHTe H3
Hero Kpyr BhICOTOH IIpH!"fepHo

10 CM,

MOI.IJ;bIO CKOTtId.

PUC. 21.1

coeAHHHB era KOHIJ;hI C IIO-

TenllO

158

7.

nOAOJKHTe
6bI

anyrpa

xpyr dAJOMHHHenoH qlO"u,fH aa rrporaaom, TaK, 'lTOHero OKa3aAHCb cnexa If ITAdCTMdCCOBbIH ll,HJ\.HHA-

pHK C IIPOBOAOqKOH. Kpyr 6YAeT CAyJKHTb 3KpaHOM H 3aIl.\HIIJ;dTb ITAdMH CBe'tUI OT CKB03HHKOB.

8.
9.

0PHfoToBbTe CITfllIKH H 3dJKfHTe
ECAlI BbI Bee CAeAaAH

cae-ry,

rrpamou.ao,

KOHeq npOBOAOtIKH AOAJKeH

sa
TeM, KdK 6YAYT BeCTI' ce611 urapaxa MaprapHHa H B KaKOM IIOPllAKe OHH HaqHYT IIAaBHTbCJL Koraa Bbf YBHAHTe, 'ITO ace tuapHKH HaqdAH IIAdBHTbClI, 3dAyHTe caesy.
OKa3dTbCH B IIAdMeHH CBeqM. BHHMdTeAhHO IIOHaOJUOAallTe

PeayNJllCUllbl
llIapHKH xaprapaaa IIAdBliTCli B IIOpliAKe HX YAdAeHHlI OT lIAdMeHH
KOroPbIH HaxOAHTCH 6.J\HJKe acero K cae-ncc, IIOKdJKeT npH3HdKH IIAaBAeHHH caMbIM nepssoa, a HaH60Aee YAaAeH-

cae-ra. TOT nrapax,

HbUI Hd'lJHeT lL\aBHTbClI JIOCAeAHIIM.

nO'leMy7
TenAOBaH 3HeprHB, HAR BHyTpeHHSIJI

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BYAeT lill3TO OTHOlIIeHHe MeHHTbCH B HOqHOe BpeM.SI? OOBTopnre HCCAeAOBdHMe HOtIblO.
B.

EYAYTAH OKa3b1BaTb BAHllHHe aa H3AY"eHHe H3 oxpysceromero

npocrpaacraa rrpeIHITCTBHH, nanproeep, AepeBhS?

KaK OTAWld-

rranpasEYAeT .AJf 3aBHCeTb KOAWIeCTBO H3AyqeHHH
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AeHRH Hd He6e?

MdHTe

ro

cnocoosr OTBeTOB Hd 3TH

BOnpOCbI C IIOMOID;hlO TeIIl\.OBO-

TeAeCKOrra.

C60p cIlaKToB
1. CrrOC06HOCTb rexa norxomars H3AY"eHHe XapaKTepH3yeTCH KO-

2.

3rjJrjJUljUemnOM nOrA014eHUJl. A6toJUOTHO qepHOe TeAO HMeeT
K03q,q,HI\HeHT norxomemor. paBHblH eAllHHl\e. '-ITO TaKOe a6COA!OTHO qepHOe TeAD lor KdK era K03epQJHU;HeHT rrOrAOI.I.J;eHMH
CBH3aH C K03q,q,HI\HeHTaMll norxoutenaa APyrnx TeA?
COAHe'iHOe H3AyqeHHe COCTOHT npeareymecreenao H3 BHARMOro CBeTa, yAbTpaq,HOAeTOBoro ll3AY"eHHH H HHeppaKpaCHoro
H3AyqeHH5L qeM OTJUfllalOTCH 3TH BHAhI H3AyqeHIDI? OTBeThI
3TH

aonpocu noanurre

caMH B yqe6HHKax rro epH3HKe.

na

I ...ACTbV I

(BeT

nOARpH3aUHH:KOAe6aHHH
B OAHOM HanpaBAeHHH

HenOMlpH30BdHHbIM CBeT COCTOlIT. R3 3AeKTPOMarHHTHbIX BOAH, B
KOTOpbIX 3AeKTplftleCKHe IIOJUI KOAe6AIOTCH BO BceB03MO)KHbIX
rrpaBAeHHHX.

B HeKOTopbIX CAytl85IX, OAHdKO,

KOM CBeTa. Bee BOAHhI

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c

na-

rryx-

xoroporo KOAe6l\JOTCH B 0AROM HanpaBAeHHH
cser HBMleTC.H IIOJUlPH30BaHHhIM.

HAH B GAROM llAOCKOCTH, TaKOH

B 3TOM

OIIbITe BbI 3aHMeTeCh HCCAeAondHIUIMH IIOMIpH30naHHO-

nenoxspasoaaaaoro CBeTa. BbI H3yqHTe AeHCTBl1e aUa.AH3aTOna nOMlpH30ndHHhIH CBeT; ysaaere, 3aBHCHT AM crerrens ropn-

fa Ii
pa

30HTd.!\hHOH IIOJUIpH3alJ,HH CBeTa OT
IIOBepXHOCTh.

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paa-

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paCTBopOB,

C "lera Ha"laTb
LJe.u.: nOAJIpH30BaTb CBeT.
MamepuaJl1>l
HaCTOAhHaH AdMIIa C AdMIIOllKOH HdKaAHBaHIIH
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llOpJlgOK geitClllBuit
1. BKAlOqHTe AaMrry H yCTaHOBHTe ee TaKHM o6pa30M, 'IT06bl 6blAa BHAHa AaMTIOtIKa HaKaAHBaIUUI. BCTdHbTe

xa

paCCTO.sIHHH

npaxepao 1 M OT Hee, nOCMOTpHTe aa AaMnOqKY H 3anOMHHTe
ee llpKOCTb,

2. YAa..urre IlJ\.dCTHKOBbIe JUfH3bI H3 OtIKOB.
3.

eTOH Ha PdCCTOHHHH

4.

CMOTpHTe APyrH" Ha AaMny CKB03b 0AIlY H3 nOAJIpH3yroI1\HX
AHH3. 3anoMHHTe apxocrs AaMnoqKH B nOM cxy-rae. nYCTb sra
AHH3a aaasraaerca A.
B03bMHTe aropyro AHH3Y (AHH3Y B) H Aep*HTe ee rrepez, AHH-

30M A,

HO He

1M

OT haMIlLI, 3dKPOiITe OAHH rha3 H 00-

xacaarecr, rrepaoa

AHH3bI. 3aKpbIB OAHH

rwaa,

PHc.24.1
rrOCMOTpHTe Hd AaMllOQKY CKB03h
JKeHMH AlfH3bI

A, apauraare

AHH3Y

o6e

AHH3hI.

B AD rex

He

nop,

MeHSHI nOAO-

noxa

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AaMIIOQKH He CTdHeT MaKCHMaAhHOH. 3aTeM MeAJ\.eHHO IIOBep-

HHTe JlHH3Y B aa

90°, Ha6AJOAaB

npa 3TOM aa TeM, KaK 6YAeT Me-

HHTbC51 HpKOCTb AdMIIOtIKH.

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paccxarpnseere ee
ofie /illH3bl, TO
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CKB03b AHH3Y. ECAH IIOCMOTpeTb

na xaxny

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aere BHAeTh CBeT OT

xensnre. HaKOHeu Bbl sooome nepecra-

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nO'leMy7
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Cser

180

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caBaft nonepe-taste

BOMIbI, KOAe6aU11JI KOTOpbIX

scex HarrpaBAeHIHIX nepnerrzorxyxapno K nanpaspacnpocrpaaeana CBeTa. nOASlpH30BaHHbIH CBeT. - 3TO
rexae 3AeKTpOMarlfHTHhre BOAHbI, y KOTOpbIX KOJ\e6aHIUI 3AeKTrrpOHCXOMIT BO

AeHHIO

pUqeCKUX nOAeif napilJV\.CAbHhI APyr APYry. nOAlIpU3al\HlI CBeTa
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MarnHTHOH CBeTOBOH

xe

aoxne.

CneTOnd.5I BOAHd, 3AeKTpHtIeCKOe no-

KOTOPOH KOAe6AeTC5I B BepTHKaAbHOM

BepTHKaAbHO nOMlpH30BaHHoH.

xoe rroxe

narrpaaaeaaa,

Cneroaaa

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HBMIeTCH

axexrpauec-

KOTOpOH KOAe6ACTC.sI B rOpH30IITdAbHOM HanpaBAeHHH,

Hd3bIBaeTOI ropU30HTaALHO nOA5IpH30BdHHOH. HenOJUlpH30BaHUbIn CBeT COAepJKHT Ca€TOBbIe BOAHbI C 3AeK11HltIeCKHMHrrO!IJIMH,
tIbH KOAe6aHIUI npOI1CXONIT

n

pa3J\HtIHbIX

Mep HenOMIpH30naHHoro CBeTa -

aarrpanxeuasx.

TIpH-

CBetIeHHe AdMITbI HdKaJUiBdHHH

B naurex OITbITe (CM. pHC. 24.2). Floxapxayiomes AHH3a AeifcTByeT
KaK noxspaaarop, T.e. raxoe BeII.\eCTBO, xoropoe, rtpa rrpoxcacaeHMW

xepea

caera, nponycxaer

Hero

TOAhKO 3AeKTpHtIeCKHe nOAH.

KOAe6AlOIQHeCH B OAHOM HdrrpaBAeHHH HAM B DAHOR IIAOCKOCTH.

Koraa CBeT noneaaer aa noxapaayionryto AUH3Y, qaCTb ero o'rparrorxomaerca AHH30H. Hepes MiH3Y npoxozorr

JKaeTCSI. a QaCTb
TOJ\hKO

ra

tIaCTb CBeTa,

y xoroporo

3AeKTpHqeCKHe nOAA KOAe6-

AIOTCH B 0AHO:H 3dAaHHOH: riAOCKOCTH.

vb rroxapaaaropa

CBeT B-bI-

XOAUT nOAllpU30BaHHhIM. PHC. 24.2 AeMoHcTpupyeT BCpTHKaAb-

Hyro
Kif

nOMlpH3dU;HIO CBeTa. nOAHpu3yroTIJ;He COAHu;e3aIlJ,HTHble

CAeAaHM 113

ox-

CHHTeTMQeCKoro MaTepHdAa C Ao6aBAeHHeM

HTOAbQaTblX KpHCTaAAOB. 3TH KpHCTaAAhI

opaererapoaansr napex-

AeAbHO APyr APYry. DAarOAapli HM noxapnayromaa AMH3a AeifcT-

cocronr 1'13 MHOJKeCl'Ba na-repea IIOASlpH3aTOp rrpOXOAJIT

nyeT TaKHM o6pa30M. KdK 6YATO OHa
paAAeAbHMX
TOAbKO

IlJ,eAen.

re caeroasre

n03TOMY
BOAHbI.

y

KOTOphIX IIAOCKOCTb KOAe6aHHH

3AeKTpHQeCKHX rrOAen COBIIaAaeT C HanpaBACHHeM paCIIOAOJKe-

napaxxexsmax m;eAeH.
ECAH pa3MeCTHTb APyr ncpea APyroM ABe nOAllpU3YJOII.\He AMH-

HUH

3bl. OHM 6YAyr AenCTBOBaTb KaK ABa 0AHHdKOBO OpUeHTHpOndH-

Flepaas AHH3a no XOAY pacrrpocrpanenan CBera rraasmaerca rrOA5IpH3aTOpoM, a BTOpaH l\HH3a -aaaxaaaropow

HbIX IIOMIpH3dTopa.

(dHaAH3aTOp -

TaKoll nOA5IpH3dTOP, KOTOpbIll HCnOAh3yeTcH

orrpeACAcHH5I IIOA5IPH3dU;HI1

csera]. Koraa

KpHCTdAAbI B

MJI

ofienx

AHH3ax oprretrraponaasr napaxxexr.no APyr APyry, 'lel'e3AMH3bI
rrpOxOAHT MaKCHMaAbHO B03MOJKHOe KOAHQeCTBO

csera.

ECAH,

aa-

nOn"pI-13al\I-1": Kone6aHI-1" S OAHOM aanpaaneaaa

181

ucmo4HUK
cf>ema

Her10ASlrU30f>aHHb'u
cf>em

nOASlrU'jOe.aHHb'U
ce.em

PUC. 24.2

tIHUd5I OT

aroro

nOhOJKeHHR, nOBepHYTh dHaAI13dTOP

na 90", KpHC-

'faAAhI B ./\.HH3dX OKd)K)'TCH paCnOAOJKeHHbIMH IIOA npstMbIMH

yraa-

M" APyr K APY''Y- nONIpH30SaHHblii caer He CMOJKeT npojrra Qepe3
aHaAH3dTOP B 3TOM nO.l\O/KeHHH, KaK noxaaauo na pHC. 24.3. K aayQHOMy ceMuHapy: nocrporire AHarpaMMbI, AeMoHcrp"pytOI.!1le
pe3YAbTdThI

aaurero

MCCAeAoBaHlul. IIOAo6HbIe TeM,

xoropue npa-

aeAcHbI B KHHre.

--+~'F==l

ucm04HuK
cf>ema

Her10ASlrU:;,oe.aHHb'U
ce.em
Pllc.24.3

nOASlrU:;,oe.aHHb'U
cf>em

ce.ema
Hem

182

GBeT

HOBbIe nOAXOAbl
KaK BAH5UOT Hd CBeT HerrOMIpH3yroI.I..\He AHH3bI! nOBTopHTe OUbIT C
HCnOAb30naHHeM AHH3, B3f1ThIX H3 KdKHX-AH60 AemeBbIX, He nONIpH3YJOII\HX COAHIje3aII\HTHbIX OQKOB.

npMAyMaiiTe aaui C06CTBeHHblii onsrr

Ia, HenOh.H:pH30BdHHbIlI cner CTdHOBHTC5I

qaCTH"lIHO IIOMlpH30Bau-

HbIM TIP" OTpaJKeHHH OT He:MeTa.AlUflIeCKHX nonepxaocrea, aaIIpHMep, OT SOAhI HAM crexxa, Y:aCTb CBeTa npa 3TOM nporrycxaeTC>! H/HAll I10rAOII\aeTC>!. napaAAeAbHhIe AY'lH I1i1AalOII\ero
CBeTa «CITbITbIBdlOT CHJ\bHOe OTpdJKeHKe QT nonepXHOCTH.

Or-

paJKeHHbIH CBeT OKd3bIBaeTCH qaCm'llHO nOMlpH30BdHHbIM B

HanpaSAeHHH, rrapaAAeAhHOM nosepxaocra, OT KOTOpOH OR QTpascaerca. I1TdK, KorAd CBeT OTpaJKaeTCH OT rAilAll oaepa IihH OT
ApyrOH KdKOft-AH60 nosepXHOCTH. napaAAeAbHOH rroaepxnocra
3eMAH, OR eTdHOBHTeH ropH30HTaAbHO nOMlpH30SdHHbIM.

npH

HeKOTopOM yrxe DilAeHH>I (YTAe MeJKAY I1ilAaIOII\HM AY'l0M CBera H AHHHeH,

nepneaaaxyxapnoa

K noaepxnocrn] CBeT. orpa-

JKeHHbIH OT HCMeTaAAM1IeCKOH nOBepXHOCTH, CTdHOBHTCH

rrox-

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MOJKHO npH6AH3HTeAhHO

onpeaexrrrt, yrox

nOAHOH nOMIpl1.3a-

U;HH CBeTd lip" OTpaJKeHIlH OT BOALI. MO)fCHO IIOCTYTIJITb CAeAY-

IOIIJ;IfM o6pa30M. HarrOAHI1Te 60Ablllyro MUCKY nOAOH: If nOCTdBb-

re ee Hd CTOA B

TeMHoH KOMHdTe. 3a.JKTHTC ¢oHapHK,

pacnoao-

>KHTe era HilA BOAOM H aarrpaasre CBeT nepneHAHKYA>lpHO (I10
HOpMaAH, nOA yrAOM

90°)

K I10BepXHocTH· BOAhI. C>IAbTe AHIjO" K

MliCKe C BOAOH Ii IIOHa6AIoAaiITe 3d nOBepXHOCTbIO BOAhl QepC3
nOA>lpH3YJOII\yIO AHH3Y. nOCKOAbKY BOAa AeMcTByeT KaK I10A>lpM3dTOp, AHH3d HB.J\5IeTCH dHaAH3dTOpOM. l..faCTh CBeTa BOHAeT B

BOAY If BYAeT SHARD KdK CBeTOBoe IUITHO aa AHe MMCKH, a \JaCTb
CBeTa OTpa3lITCH OT nOBepXHOCTII BOAhI. B

pesyxsrare qero

IIO-

>!BHTC>! H306pa>KeHHe [ofipaa BHAllxoropsra ecrr, He -rro HHoe, KaK 3AeKTp0MaI'HlITHbIe BOJ\HbI.

MhIH CBeT,

H IIeIJeAaIOT 3TIf BOAHbI B HOBbIX HarrpdBAeHIDIX. 3ToT

rrpouecc

Hd3bI-

saerca p3AeenCKllM paCCe5IHHeM no HM:eHH aHI'AHHCKOrO epJ13l1KdAOpAdPaxesr (AJKOH YliAblIM CTpeTT, 1842- 1919). B 1871 r, OHHCCA"A0BilA
paccesnne CBeTa H csror OTDeTHTh na nonpoc, rroqe~ry He60 rox y6oe.

B 3TOM

OITLlTe Bbl

accxenyerc BAlUIHHe He6o.AhlllHX qdCTHIJ; Hd
peaxep qaCTIuJ, BAlHleT Hd yrOJ\ pac-

paCCeHHH:C CBeTa. Y3HaeTC, KdK

ceHHIDI caera. TaKJKe H3yqHTe,
rrpezorera OT yrAa pacceaaas.

KaK 3aBHCHT BHAHMdH HpKOCTb

C "era Ha"aTb
Lleu.: npOAeMOHCTpHpOBaTb BI\.HHHHe MaAeHhKHX qaCTHIl, aa pacceHHHe CBeTa.

MamepuCIAhl
1 AHCT 6eAoM 6YMdrH
oHapb
ABa 6ecU;BeTHbIX,

rrpoapa-nrsrx IIAaCTIlKOBbIX CTdKaHd 06'beMOM 300 l\1A

AHCTlIAAHpOndHHaK nOAd

MapKep
IIHneTKd
U;~Hoe MOhORO

AOJKKd

KYCOK 6eAoro xaprona paasseposr 15 x 30 CN

nopJlgOK geuCIIlBuii
1. nOAOJKHTe AllCT 6YMarn na CTOA, a PllAOM C HHN oHapHK raKUM o6pa30M, lIT06hI era HCTOtIHHK CBeTd paCIIOAaraACH nocepeAHHe AhHHHOH CTOPOHbI AHCTa6YMaru.

186

Caer

2. HanOAlIHTe CTdKaHbI BOAOH.

3. C rrOMOlIlblO MapKepa 0603Ha'lbTe CTaKaHbI 6YKBaMH A H B,

B H pasxeuraare.
xaprona BMeCTe KOpOTKHMH KOHQaMH H cornure era IIOIIOAdM B Bl1Ae uraxennnca. OR 6YAeT CAY)IU1Tb BaM 3K-

4.

Ao6aBLTe KdITAIO MOJ\oKa B CTdKaH

5.

CAO/KHTe IUfCT

paHOM. YCTaHOBHTe 3KpaH HarrpOTHB qJOHapHKa, C nporanonoAOJKHOH: CTOpOHhI I\.HCTd 6YMarH.

6. 3aTeMHHT€ KOMHdry. BKAlO'HITe epoHapHK II 3&\feTbTe user CBeTOBorO mITHa, otipaaonaaaoro cjJOHapHKoM aa 3KpaHe,
7. nOCTaBbTe craxan A B uearpe AHCTa 6YMarn, nepez, cjJoHapHKOM, H CAeAallTe cAeA)'IOlIlee:
•

3aMeTbTe IJ;BeT CBeTOBoro ll5ITHd Hd

30BaAOCb B

peayxvrare

axpane, xoropoe o6paxe-

npOXOJKAeHHlI CBeTa OT cjJoHapli

pea BOAY.
•

BHHMdTelLhHo

nocxorpare na BOAY

H OTMeTbTe, KaK H3Me~

HHAC,H IJ;BeT DOAhI.

8.

nOBTopHTe AeiicTBHlI H3 nYHKTi!
KaH B,

7,

3aMeHHB CTaKaH

A aa

CTa-

111
A
'it,
PHc.25.1

Pe3YAhl1lambl

Llser CBeTOBorQ IHITHa, 06pa30BdHHoro lid axpaae AytlOM CBeTd 4>0aapa, na nyra xoroporo ReT naxcro, KpOMe B03Ayxa, MO)l{eT 6bITb
BeAHM HAll cxerxa >KehTOBdThIM. KOTAd AY'l CBeTa rrpOXOAHT xepea

187

l{HCryro BOAY, U;BeT TIHTHd Hd axpaae He MeHHeTCH.

He

MeHHeTC51

TdKJKe It nser BOAhI. Ho nocxe npoxoscaemra AytId Qepe3 BOAY, B KOropyro Ao6aBAeHo MOAGKO, ceerosoe II5ITHO Hd axpaae KIDKeTC5I
)l{eATbIM H.l\H Aa..>Ke opaH:>t CBeTa B B03Ayxe COCTaBMIeT 3 x

lOB x/c,

a CKOpOCTb csera B BOAe 2,23 x 108 MI C, MOJKHO CpaBHlITb, xanptoeep,
5IpKOCTb

MOKporo pellHoro rrecxa C .5IpKOCTblO cyxoro -necxa. OPI1

3TOM HaAG HMeTb B BHAY TOT rpaxr, lJTO CBeT. IIdAdIOIIJ;mi Hd

CYXOH no-

COK, rrpOXOAHT sepes B03AYX, a CBeT, llaAaJOIl.J,HH: na MOKphIH necox, '1Cpe3 BOAY. HaCbII1bTe neCOK B pa30BYJO 6YMiUKHYJO TapeAKY. HaAeHTe C RpM TapeJ\KH nesnroro BOAbI. OTMeTHB HpKOCTh pa3HbIX yxaCTKOB rrecxa B rapexxe, CAb\.a.HTe BbIBOA, B KaKOM necxe pacceanac
60Jlbllie: B CYXOM (B KOTOpOM neC'IHHKH OKpYJKeHbl B03AYXOM) llilli B
MOKpOM (neC'IHHKH OKpYJKeHbl BOAOH). MOJKHO rronpoooaart, acrrsrrart, Ii APyrrre )KHAKOCTH, aanpaxep. pacrtrrexr.aoe MaCAO.

190

C60p

CBeT

epeHI.I.HSI B TOHKHX
nAeHKaX: CBeTOBble BOAHbl
B cl>a3e H

YrrOMHHdHHH 0 TOM,
ITAeHKH

aa

srro

noorseoease
uaernsre

AlOAH Ha6A1OAMH

Mac.A.SiHble

I10aepXHOCTH BOAbI, COAepJKdTCH Hd fAHHHHhlX Ta6AWI·

xax, lIeft B03paCT AdTHpyeTcH HeCKOAbKHMH TblCXqeAeTHHMH AD

H.3.

B APeBHocTH 1I0 TaKHM 1\BeTHbiM IIAeHKaM lIpeACKa3bIBaJIH cYN>6y.

C

pa3BHTHeM HdyKH yqeHble 3aHHTepeCOBaAHCb 3THM HBAeHHeM C

! xa pacCTO>!HHH 15 CM OT nOBepXHOCTH CTOAa.

5.

MeMeHHo ABHra;;Te MHcKy C BOAOH no aanpaaxemno K AaMne.
BCTaHhTe TaK, 'lITo6bI Bb! Bee BpeMH Morllli BHAeTb cBepxy
BepXHOCTb BOAbI B l\1HCKe.

Ilocreneano

AdMIle HdcrOAbKO, QTo6h£ OHa CTO,SIAd nCA caMOH haMnoR.
6AlOAdthe

aa

no-

IIOAOABHHbTe MHCKy K

Floaa-

T8M, KaK GYAeT MeH.SITbCH LJ;BeTOBaJI KapTHHd, B03-

HHKdlOII..J;da aa TOHKOH IIJH~HKe H3 haKd Hd rrOBepXHOCTH BOAh!.

PHc.26.1
Pe3YAhlllQllll,l
Ha nOBepXHOCTH BOAhI B MHCKe 6YAYT Ha6J\1OAaTbC>! TOHKHe nnerHbIe IIOAOCKH B

rex M8CTax.

rAe no Hell pa30fIAeTcH AdK.

IIo'leMy7
Kanxs

haKd

npoapasnryro

pasouixacs

ITO BOAe M o6pa30BaAa

o-reas

TOHKyro Ii

TIAeHKy aa ee nonepxaocra (no3BOAlllOll\YIO CBeTY

rrpOXOAHTb HdCKB03b). EeAbIH CBeT OT HdCTOAbJ-lOH AdMI1bI

coaep-

l-1HTep¢epeHllVl" BTOHKVlX nneaxax

193

)KlIT Bee MHHbI BOAR BIIAHMOrO AHarra30Ha, T.e. Bee LJ;BeTa. OpH IIO-

llaAdHHH 6eAoro CBeTa

aa

TOHKyro

rrpoapa-nryso

IIAeHKy l.IaCTh era

orpaxcaercs OT BHeulHeH rpsaausr llAeHKH (BOAHa 1), a xacrt, BXONIT B nxemcy H 3aTeM orpaxcaerca OT ee BHYTpeHHeH rpanausr
(BOAHa 2) (CM. pHC. 26.2). XOTlI paaaaua B upoHAeHHbIx paccroxaaHX Ii He BeAHKa, TeM He

srence

CBeT, OTpaJKeHHbIM: OT BH-yTPeHHeH

rpaamrst, UpOXOAHT 60AbllIee paccrosaae, HeJKeMl CBeT, OTpaJKeHHbJii OT BHeuIHew rpaHHI.J;hI.

06e BOi\HbT

oTpaJKeHHOrO

6eAoro

CBeTa,

1 H 2,

IUITeHCI1BHOCTb, 1.JeM ITaAalOllvnl CBeT. KOfAa ABe
RbI BHOBh BCTpetIaIOTC5:I

nocxe

HMelOT MeHhlllyro

orpascetmsrc sox-

OTpaJKeHH5I, npOHCXOAHT cynepno-

3MIIHlI (HaAOJKeHHe lIX APYT na APYTa). Taxas cynepnosauaa B03HHKaeT B cxyvae. eCMl OTAeAbHbIe OTpiUKeHHbIe BOAHbI